I solved the Problem for me by copy the File /usr/bin/cp from Debian 11
to /usr/bin/cp2 on Debian 12
Now i can run "cp2 -ax / /mnt" and it works like expected.
"cp -ax / /mnt" with original debian 12 cp brings error on this point.
You can test it.
So there must be a difference between the old and the new cp Program or
a Bug.
cp is my way to clone a disk to a second disk with different size.
i do it this way many years with no Problems.
i create Partition, format with ext4, mount on /mnt, copy all Files with
cp -ax, install Grub, boot and have fun.
So i can make a copy of my running System on bigger or smaller Disks to
test programs and installations on a test system.
i'm sure, this is a bug in cp program.
best regards
Uwe