I am answering myself. Surprisingly the error is gone. But I do not know why!
These were my last actions: In my despair I added the repo of bullseye to the sources.list and downgraded console-setup console-setup-linux keyboard-configuration Those must be all together downgraded. After downloading and install I got a correct keyboard layout, but after reboot it was still back to "us". However, I then did "setupcon -k -f" , but got no success. Then I did "loadkeys de" to get the correct keyboard layout and tried "setupcon -k -f" again. After reboot it shows no success again. As these was no success at all, I upgraded the above packages again to bookworm and rebootet - still keyboard is "us". But today, after I read the hint "try keyboard-setup.sh" and started my system, the keyboard layout was ok! NOTE: I did NOT excute "keyboard-setup.sh", as things were ok!!! Doi not ask me why, maybe some dwarfs or some goblins did the job - do not know. Sadly I have nothing learned with this issue, but I am happy it is working now. Thanks for all the help! Best regards Hans