to...@tuxteam.de (12022-07-10): > But then, always doing sync twice looks like a very mild measure, and > far cheaper than seeing a therapist. Especially given that the second > sync will typically be very quick. If it's working, I'd go with that :) > > Since writing to USBs for me mostly involves copying whole images > (with exception of my backup, which is an rsync: there I do use > sync, but just once), I do use sync much less these days after > having discovered dd's oflag=sync.
On Linux, a process that writes to a device that is not currently
mounted and therefore has no page cache will go into D state when
closing the associated file descriptor.
You can check for with this kind of command:
strace -ftttT sh -c "( dd if=/dev/urandom bs=1M count=0 seek=32000; cat
/tmp/file ) > /dev/disk/by-label/CIGAES_R64"
where /tmp/file was obtained with the opposite dd command:
[pid 3708814] 1657561091.466910 write(1,
"\377\377\377\377\377\377\377\377\377\377\377\377\377\377\377\377\377\377\377\377\377\377\377\377\377\377\377\377\377\377\377\377"...,
131072) = 131072 <0.000233>
[pid 3708814] 1657561091.467280 read(3, "", 131072) = 0 <0.000106>
[pid 3708814] 1657561091.467527 munmap(0x7f14a2f0e000, 139264) = 0 <0.000062>
[pid 3708814] 1657561091.467658 close(3) = 0 <0.000018>
[pid 3708814] 1657561091.467755 close(1) = 0 <161.011040>
[pid 3708814] 1657561252.478904 close(2) = 0 <0.000019>
[pid 3708814] 1657561252.479045 exit_group(0) = ?
[pid 3708814] 1657561252.479252 +++ exited with 0 +++
1657561252.479286 <... wait4 resumed>[{WIFEXITED(s) && WEXITSTATUS(s) == 0}],
0, NULL) = 3708814 <288.273781>
1657561252.479345 --- SIGCHLD {si_signo=SIGCHLD, si_code=CLD_EXITED,
si_pid=3708814, si_uid=1000, si_status=0, si_utime=1, si_stime=168} ---
1657561252.479383 rt_sigreturn({mask=[]}) = 3708814 <0.000011>
1657561252.479433 wait4(-1, 0x7ffee8b3cc5c, WNOHANG, NULL) = -1 ECHILD (No
child processes) <0.000011>
1657561252.479510 exit_group(0) = ?
1657561252.479624 +++ exited with 0 +++
Notice the time taken by the close(1).
If you naively run strace on cat itself, then you do not see anything,
because then strace itself is holding a copy of the file descriptor, and
it is strace that will go into D state.
I do not know where this behavior is documented, but I suspect it is
somewhere.
Regards,
--
Nicolas George
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