Hi folks, I've installed a CMI8738 PCI sound card (C-Media 8738) on my dual-boot machine. When I boot Windows, I can hear sound, but when I boot GNU/Linux, I can't hear any sound. I have tried 3 different ways of generating sound: (1) Gnome Desktop|Preferences|Sound|enable System Sounds (2) Gnome CD Player (3) $ cat /usr/share/sounds/alsa/Front_Center.wav >/dev/dsp bash: /dev/dsp: Device or resource busy
The motherboard (Intel D865GBF) has an on-board sound system, which I disabled in the BIOS setup before installing the CMI8738 card. == $ uname -a Linux mercury 2.6.18-6-686 #1 SMP Fri Dec 12 16:48:28 UTC 2008 i686 GNU/Linux == $ groups robert dialout cdrom floppy audio video plugdev netdev powerdev == $ dmesg Linux version 2.6.18-6-686 (Debian 2.6.18.dfsg.1-23etch1) (da...@debian.org) (gcc version 4.1.2 20061115 (prerelease) (Debian 4.1.1-21)) #1 SMP Fri Dec 12 16:48:28 UTC 2008 BIOS-provided physical RAM map: BIOS-e820: 0000000000000000 - 000000000009fc00 (usable) BIOS-e820: 000000000009fc00 - 00000000000a0000 (reserved) BIOS-e820: 00000000000e6000 - 0000000000100000 (reserved) BIOS-e820: 0000000000100000 - 000000003ef30000 (usable) BIOS-e820: 000000003ef30000 - 000000003ef40000 (ACPI data) BIOS-e820: 000000003ef40000 - 000000003eff0000 (ACPI NVS) BIOS-e820: 000000003eff0000 - 000000003f000000 (reserved) BIOS-e820: 00000000fecf0000 - 00000000fecf1000 (reserved) BIOS-e820: 00000000fed20000 - 00000000feda0000 (reserved) 111MB HIGHMEM available. 896MB LOWMEM available. found SMP MP-table at 000ff780 On node 0 totalpages: 257840 DMA zone: 4096 pages, LIFO batch:0 Normal zone: 225280 pages, LIFO batch:31 HighMem zone: 28464 pages, LIFO batch:7 DMI 2.3 present. ACPI: RSDP (v000 ACPIAM ) @ 0x000f58f0 ACPI: RSDT (v001 INTEL D865GBF 0x20030423 MSFT 0x00000097) @ 0x3ef30000 ACPI: FADT (v002 INTEL D865GBF 0x20030423 MSFT 0x00000097) @ 0x3ef30200 ACPI: MADT (v001 INTEL D865GBF 0x20030423 MSFT 0x00000097) @ 0x3ef30300 ACPI: WDDT (v001 INTEL OEMWDDT 0x00000001 MSFT 0x0100000d) @ 0x3ef35244 ACPI: DSDT (v001 INTEL D865GBF 0x00000001 MSFT 0x0100000d) @ 0x00000000 ACPI: PM-Timer IO Port: 0x408 ACPI: Local APIC address 0xfee00000 ACPI: LAPIC (acpi_id[0x01] lapic_id[0x00] enabled) Processor #0 15:2 APIC version 20 ACPI: LAPIC (acpi_id[0x02] lapic_id[0x01] disabled) ACPI: LAPIC_NMI (acpi_id[0x01] dfl dfl lint[0x1]) ACPI: LAPIC_NMI (acpi_id[0x02] dfl dfl lint[0x1]) ACPI: IOAPIC (id[0x02] address[0xfec00000] gsi_base[0]) IOAPIC[0]: apic_id 2, version 32, address 0xfec00000, GSI 0-23 ACPI: INT_SRC_OVR (bus 0 bus_irq 0 global_irq 2 dfl dfl) ACPI: INT_SRC_OVR (bus 0 bus_irq 9 global_irq 9 high level) ACPI: IRQ0 used by override. ACPI: IRQ2 used by override. ACPI: IRQ9 used by override. Enabling APIC mode: Flat. Using 1 I/O APICs Using ACPI (MADT) for SMP configuration information Allocating PCI resources starting at 40000000 (gap: 3f000000:bfcf0000) Detected 3192.413 MHz processor. Built 1 zonelists. Total pages: 257840 Kernel command line: root=/dev/hda3 ro mapped APIC to ffffd000 (fee00000) mapped IOAPIC to ffffc000 (fec00000) Enabling fast FPU save and restore... done. Enabling unmasked SIMD FPU exception support... done. Initializing CPU#0 PID hash table entries: 4096 (order: 12, 16384 bytes) Console: colour VGA+ 80x25 Dentry cache hash table entries: 131072 (order: 7, 524288 bytes) Inode-cache hash table entries: 65536 (order: 6, 262144 bytes) Memory: 1014368k/1031360k available (1543k kernel code, 16324k reserved, 578k data, 196k init, 113856k highmem) Checking if this processor honours the WP bit even in supervisor mode... Ok. Calibrating delay using timer specific routine.. 6389.15 BogoMIPS (lpj=12778319) Security Framework v1.0.0 initialized SELinux: Disabled at boot. Capability LSM initialized Mount-cache hash table entries: 512 CPU: After generic identify, caps: bfebfbff 00000000 00000000 00000000 00004400 00000000 00000000 CPU: After vendor identify, caps: bfebfbff 00000000 00000000 00000000 00004400 00000000 00000000 CPU: Trace cache: 12K uops, L1 D cache: 8K CPU: L2 cache: 512K CPU: Physical Processor ID: 0 CPU: After all inits, caps: bfebfbff 00000000 00000000 00000080 00004400 00000000 00000000 Intel machine check architecture supported. Intel machine check reporting enabled on CPU#0. CPU0: Intel P4/Xeon Extended MCE MSRs (12) available CPU0: Thermal monitoring enabled Compat vDSO mapped to ffffe000. Checking 'hlt' instruction... OK. SMP alternatives: switching to UP code Freeing SMP alternatives: 12k freed ACPI: Core revision 20060707 CPU0: Intel(R) Pentium(R) 4 CPU 3.20GHz stepping 09 Total of 1 processors activated (6389.15 BogoMIPS). ENABLING IO-APIC IRQs ..TIMER: vector=0x31 apic1=0 pin1=2 apic2=-1 pin2=-1 Brought up 1 CPUs migration_cost=0 checking if image is initramfs... it is Freeing initrd memory: 4780k freed NET: Registered protocol family 16 ACPI: bus type pci registered PCI: PCI BIOS revision 2.10 entry at 0xf0031, last bus=2 PCI: Using configuration type 1 Setting up standard PCI resources ACPI: Interpreter enabled ACPI: Using IOAPIC for interrupt routing ACPI: PCI Root Bridge [PCI0] (0000:00) PCI: Probing PCI hardware (bus 00) Boot video device is 0000:00:02.0 PCI quirk: region 0400-047f claimed by ICH4 ACPI/GPIO/TCO PCI quirk: region 0500-053f claimed by ICH4 GPIO PCI: Ignoring BAR0-3 of IDE controller 0000:00:1f.1 PCI: Transparent bridge - 0000:00:1e.0 ACPI: PCI Interrupt Routing Table [\_SB_.PCI0._PRT] ACPI: PCI Interrupt Routing Table [\_SB_.PCI0.P0P2._PRT] ACPI: PCI Interrupt Routing Table [\_SB_.PCI0.P0P3._PRT] ACPI: Power Resource [URP1] (off) ACPI: Power Resource [FDDP] (off) ACPI: Power Resource [LPTP] (off) ACPI: PCI Interrupt Link [LNKA] (IRQs 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 *11 12 14 15) ACPI: PCI Interrupt Link [LNKB] (IRQs *3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 14 15) ACPI: PCI Interrupt Link [LNKC] (IRQs 3 4 5 6 7 9 *10 11 12 14 15) ACPI: PCI Interrupt Link [LNKD] (IRQs 3 4 *5 6 7 9 10 11 12 14 15) ACPI: PCI Interrupt Link [LNKE] (IRQs 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 14 15) *0, disabled. ACPI: PCI Interrupt Link [LNKF] (IRQs 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 *11 12 14 15) ACPI: PCI Interrupt Link [LNKG] (IRQs 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 14 15) *0, disabled. ACPI: PCI Interrupt Link [LNKH] (IRQs 3 4 5 6 7 *9 10 11 12 14 15) Linux Plug and Play Support v0.97 (c) Adam Belay pnp: PnP ACPI init pnp: PnP ACPI: found 14 devices PnPBIOS: Disabled by ACPI PNP PCI: Using ACPI for IRQ routing PCI: If a device doesn't work, try "pci=routeirq". If it helps, post a report pnp: 00:0c: ioport range 0x400-0x47f could not be reserved pnp: 00:0c: ioport range 0x680-0x6ff has been reserved pnp: 00:0c: ioport range 0x500-0x53f has been reserved PCI: Ignore bogus resource 6 [0:0] of 0000:00:02.0 PCI: Bridge: 0000:00:03.0 IO window: a000-afff MEM window: ff800000-ff8fffff PREFETCH window: disabled. PCI: Bridge: 0000:00:1e.0 IO window: b000-bfff MEM window: disabled. PREFETCH window: disabled. PCI: Setting latency timer of device 0000:00:1e.0 to 64 NET: Registered protocol family 2 IP route cache hash table entries: 32768 (order: 5, 131072 bytes) TCP established hash table entries: 131072 (order: 8, 1048576 bytes) TCP bind hash table entries: 65536 (order: 7, 524288 bytes) TCP: Hash tables configured (established 131072 bind 65536) TCP reno registered audit: initializing netlink socket (disabled) audit(1232034079.760:1): initialized highmem bounce pool size: 64 pages VFS: Disk quotas dquot_6.5.1 Dquot-cache hash table entries: 1024 (order 0, 4096 bytes) Initializing Cryptographic API io scheduler noop registered io scheduler anticipatory registered io scheduler deadline registered io scheduler cfq registered (default) isapnp: Scanning for PnP cards... isapnp: No Plug & Play device found Serial: 8250/16550 driver $Revision: 1.90 $ 4 ports, IRQ sharing enabled serial8250: ttyS0 at I/O 0x3f8 (irq = 4) is a 16550A 00:08: ttyS0 at I/O 0x3f8 (irq = 4) is a 16550A RAMDISK driver initialized: 16 RAM disks of 8192K size 1024 blocksize PNP: PS/2 Controller [PNP0303:PS2K,PNP0f03:PS2M] at 0x60,0x64 irq 1,12 serio: i8042 AUX port at 0x60,0x64 irq 12 serio: i8042 KBD port at 0x60,0x64 irq 1 mice: PS/2 mouse device common for all mice TCP bic registered NET: Registered protocol family 1 NET: Registered protocol family 17 NET: Registered protocol family 8 NET: Registered protocol family 20 Using IPI No-Shortcut mode ACPI: (supports S0 S1 S3 S4 S5) Freeing unused kernel memory: 196k freed Time: tsc clocksource has been installed. input: AT Translated Set 2 keyboard as /class/input/input0 ACPI: Processor [CPU1] (supports 8 throttling states) ACPI Exception (acpi_processor-0681): AE_NOT_FOUND, Processor Device is not present [20060707] ACPI: Getting cpuindex for acpiid 0x2 usbcore: registered new driver usbfs usbcore: registered new driver hub USB Universal Host Controller Interface driver v3.0 ACPI: PCI Interrupt 0000:00:1d.0[A] -> GSI 16 (level, low) -> IRQ 169 PCI: Setting latency timer of device 0000:00:1d.0 to 64 uhci_hcd 0000:00:1d.0: UHCI Host Controller uhci_hcd 0000:00:1d.0: new USB bus registered, assigned bus number 1 uhci_hcd 0000:00:1d.0: irq 169, io base 0x0000c800 usb usb1: configuration #1 chosen from 1 choice hub 1-0:1.0: USB hub found hub 1-0:1.0: 2 ports detected Intel(R) PRO/1000 Network Driver - version 7.1.9-k4-NAPI Copyright (c) 1999-2006 Intel Corporation. Uniform Multi-Platform E-IDE driver Revision: 7.00alpha2 ide: Assuming 33MHz system bus speed for PIO modes; override with idebus=xx ACPI: PCI Interrupt 0000:00:1d.1[B] -> GSI 19 (level, low) -> IRQ 177 PCI: Setting latency timer of device 0000:00:1d.1 to 64 uhci_hcd 0000:00:1d.1: UHCI Host Controller uhci_hcd 0000:00:1d.1: new USB bus registered, assigned bus number 2 uhci_hcd 0000:00:1d.1: irq 177, io base 0x0000cc00 usb usb2: configuration #1 chosen from 1 choice hub 2-0:1.0: USB hub found hub 2-0:1.0: 2 ports detected ACPI: PCI Interrupt 0000:00:1d.2[C] -> GSI 18 (level, low) -> IRQ 185 PCI: Setting latency timer of device 0000:00:1d.2 to 64 uhci_hcd 0000:00:1d.2: UHCI Host Controller uhci_hcd 0000:00:1d.2: new USB bus registered, assigned bus number 3 uhci_hcd 0000:00:1d.2: irq 185, io base 0x0000d000 usb usb3: configuration #1 chosen from 1 choice hub 3-0:1.0: USB hub found hub 3-0:1.0: 2 ports detected ACPI: PCI Interrupt 0000:00:1d.3[A] -> GSI 16 (level, low) -> IRQ 169 PCI: Setting latency timer of device 0000:00:1d.3 to 64 uhci_hcd 0000:00:1d.3: UHCI Host Controller uhci_hcd 0000:00:1d.3: new USB bus registered, assigned bus number 4 uhci_hcd 0000:00:1d.3: irq 169, io base 0x0000d400 usb usb4: configuration #1 chosen from 1 choice hub 4-0:1.0: USB hub found hub 4-0:1.0: 2 ports detected usb 1-2: new full speed USB device using uhci_hcd and address 2 ACPI: PCI Interrupt 0000:00:1d.7[D] -> GSI 23 (level, low) -> IRQ 193 PCI: Setting latency timer of device 0000:00:1d.7 to 64 ehci_hcd 0000:00:1d.7: EHCI Host Controller ehci_hcd 0000:00:1d.7: new USB bus registered, assigned bus number 5 ehci_hcd 0000:00:1d.7: debug port 1 PCI: cache line size of 128 is not supported by device 0000:00:1d.7 ehci_hcd 0000:00:1d.7: irq 193, io mem 0xffa7fc00 ehci_hcd 0000:00:1d.7: USB 2.0 started, EHCI 1.00, driver 10 Dec 2004 usb usb5: configuration #1 chosen from 1 choice hub 5-0:1.0: USB hub found hub 5-0:1.0: 8 ports detected SCSI subsystem initialized ACPI: PCI Interrupt 0000:01:01.0[A] -> GSI 18 (level, low) -> IRQ 185 PCI: Setting latency timer of device 0000:01:01.0 to 64 libata version 2.00 loaded. e1000: 0000:01:01.0: e1000_probe: (PCI:33MHz:32-bit) 00:07:e9:5d:4c:4a usb 1-2: device not accepting address 2, error -71 e1000: eth0: e1000_probe: Intel(R) PRO/1000 Network Connection ICH5: IDE controller at PCI slot 0000:00:1f.1 PCI: Enabling device 0000:00:1f.1 (0005 -> 0007) ACPI: PCI Interrupt 0000:00:1f.1[A] -> GSI 18 (level, low) -> IRQ 185 ICH5: chipset revision 2 ICH5: not 100% native mode: will probe irqs later ide0: BM-DMA at 0xffa0-0xffa7, BIOS settings: hda:DMA, hdb:DMA ide1: BM-DMA at 0xffa8-0xffaf, BIOS settings: hdc:DMA, hdd:pio Probing IDE interface ide0... usb 5-2: new high speed USB device using ehci_hcd and address 2 hda: WDC WD400EB-00CPF0, ATA DISK drive usb 5-2: configuration #1 chosen from 1 choice hub 5-2:1.0: USB hub found hub 5-2:1.0: 4 ports detected hdb: ST340016A, ATA DISK drive ide0 at 0x1f0-0x1f7,0x3f6 on irq 14 Probing IDE interface ide1... hdc: DVDRW IDE H16X, ATAPI CD/DVD-ROM drive ide1 at 0x170-0x177,0x376 on irq 15 ata_piix 0000:00:1f.2: version 2.00 ata_piix 0000:00:1f.2: MAP [ P0 -- P1 -- ] ACPI: PCI Interrupt 0000:00:1f.2[A] -> GSI 18 (level, low) -> IRQ 185 PCI: Setting latency timer of device 0000:00:1f.2 to 64 ata1: SATA max UDMA/133 cmd 0xE800 ctl 0xE402 bmdma 0xD800 irq 185 ata2: SATA max UDMA/133 cmd 0xE000 ctl 0xDC02 bmdma 0xD808 irq 185 scsi0 : ata_piix hda: max request size: 128KiB hda: 78165360 sectors (40020 MB) w/2048KiB Cache, CHS=65535/16/63, UDMA(100) hda: cache flushes not supported hda: hda1 < hda5 hda6 hda7 hda8 hda9 hda10 > hda2 hda3 hdb: max request size: 128KiB hdb: 78165360 sectors (40020 MB) w/2048KiB Cache, CHS=65535/16/63, UDMA(100) hdb: cache flushes not supported hdb: hdb1 hdc: ATAPI 48X DVD-ROM DVD-R-RAM CD-R/RW drive, 2048kB Cache, UDMA(33) Uniform CD-ROM driver Revision: 3.20 ATA: abnormal status 0x7F on port 0xE807 scsi1 : ata_piix ATA: abnormal status 0x7F on port 0xE007 Attempting manual resume kjournald starting. Commit interval 5 seconds EXT3-fs: mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. pci_hotplug: PCI Hot Plug PCI Core version: 0.5 shpchp: Standard Hot Plug PCI Controller Driver version: 0.4 Linux agpgart interface v0.101 (c) Dave Jones agpgart: Detected an Intel 865 Chipset. agpgart: Detected 16252K stolen memory. agpgart: AGP aperture is 128M @ 0xf0000000 input: PC Speaker as /class/input/input1 Intel 82802 RNG detected Floppy drive(s): fd0 is 1.44M FDC 0 is a post-1991 82077 Real Time Clock Driver v1.12ac parport: PnPBIOS parport detected. parport0: PC-style at 0x378, irq 7 [PCSPP,TRISTATE,EPP] ACPI: PCI Interrupt 0000:00:1f.3[B] -> GSI 17 (level, low) -> IRQ 201 ACPI: PCI Interrupt 0000:02:00.0[A] -> GSI 21 (level, low) -> IRQ 209 input: ImExPS/2 Generic Explorer Mouse as /class/input/input2 ts: Compaq touchscreen protocol output Adding 1654652k swap on /dev/hda8. Priority:-1 extents:1 across:1654652k EXT3 FS on hda3, internal journal loop: loaded (max 8 devices) ieee1394: Initialized config rom entry `ip1394' ieee1394: sbp2: Driver forced to serialize I/O (serialize_io=1) ieee1394: sbp2: Try serialize_io=0 for better performance device-mapper: ioctl: 4.7.0-ioctl (2006-06-24) initialised: dm-de...@redhat.com kjournald starting. Commit interval 5 seconds EXT3 FS on hda10, internal journal EXT3-fs: mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. kjournald starting. Commit interval 5 seconds EXT3 FS on hda9, internal journal EXT3-fs: mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. kjournald starting. Commit interval 5 seconds EXT3 FS on hda6, internal journal EXT3-fs: mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. kjournald starting. Commit interval 5 seconds EXT3 FS on hda7, internal journal EXT3-fs: mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. e1000: eth1: e1000_watchdog: NIC Link is Up 100 Mbps Full Duplex ACPI: Power Button (FF) [PWRF] ACPI: Sleep Button (CM) [SLPB] lp0: using parport0 (interrupt-driven). ppdev: user-space parallel port driver NET: Registered protocol family 10 lo: Disabled Privacy Extensions IPv6 over IPv4 tunneling driver [drm] Initialized drm 1.0.1 20051102 ACPI: PCI Interrupt 0000:00:02.0[A] -> GSI 16 (level, low) -> IRQ 169 [drm] Initialized i915 1.5.0 20060119 on minor 0 eth1: no IPv6 routers present == $ lspci 00:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation 82865G/PE/P DRAM Controller/Host-Hub Interface (rev 02) 00:02.0 VGA compatible controller: Intel Corporation 82865G Integrated Graphics Controller (rev 02) 00:03.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 82865G/PE/P PCI to CSA Bridge (rev 02) 00:1d.0 USB Controller: Intel Corporation 82801EB/ER (ICH5/ICH5R) USB UHCI Controller #1 (rev 02) 00:1d.1 USB Controller: Intel Corporation 82801EB/ER (ICH5/ICH5R) USB UHCI Controller #2 (rev 02) 00:1d.2 USB Controller: Intel Corporation 82801EB/ER (ICH5/ICH5R) USB UHCI Controller #3 (rev 02) 00:1d.3 USB Controller: Intel Corporation 82801EB/ER (ICH5/ICH5R) USB UHCI Controller #4 (rev 02) 00:1d.7 USB Controller: Intel Corporation 82801EB/ER (ICH5/ICH5R) USB2 EHCI Controller (rev 02) 00:1e.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 82801 PCI Bridge (rev c2) 00:1f.0 ISA bridge: Intel Corporation 82801EB/ER (ICH5/ICH5R) LPC Interface Bridge (rev 02) 00:1f.1 IDE interface: Intel Corporation 82801EB/ER (ICH5/ICH5R) IDE Controller (rev 02) 00:1f.2 IDE interface: Intel Corporation 82801EB (ICH5) SATA Controller (rev 02) 00:1f.3 SMBus: Intel Corporation 82801EB/ER (ICH5/ICH5R) SMBus Controller (rev 02) 01:01.0 Ethernet controller: Intel Corporation 82547EI Gigabit Ethernet Controller (LOM) 02:00.0 Multimedia audio controller: C-Media Electronics Inc CM8738 (rev 10) == $ lspci -v ... 02:00.0 Multimedia audio controller: C-Media Electronics Inc CM8738 (rev 10) Subsystem: C-Media Electronics Inc CMI8738/C3DX PCI Audio Device Flags: bus master, medium devsel, latency 32, IRQ 209 I/O ports at b800 [size=256] Capabilities: <access denied> == $ cat /proc/asound/cards 0 [CMI8738 ]: CMI8738 - C-Media PCI CMI8738 C-Media PCI CMI8738 (model 37) at 0xb800, irq 209 == $ cat /proc/interrupts CPU0 0: 103538 IO-APIC-edge timer 1: 691 IO-APIC-edge i8042 6: 5 IO-APIC-edge floppy 7: 0 IO-APIC-edge parport0 8: 1 IO-APIC-edge rtc 9: 1 IO-APIC-level acpi 12: 29611 IO-APIC-edge i8042 14: 11577 IO-APIC-edge ide0 15: 1192 IO-APIC-edge ide1 169: 27570 IO-APIC-level uhci_hcd:usb1, uhci_hcd:usb4, i...@pci:0000:00:02.0 177: 0 IO-APIC-level uhci_hcd:usb2 185: 247 IO-APIC-level uhci_hcd:usb3, libata, eth1 193: 23 IO-APIC-level ehci_hcd:usb5 209: 155 IO-APIC-level CMI8738 NMI: 0 LOC: 103501 ERR: 0 MIS: 0 == (When I boot Windows, it says the CMI8738 card is using IRQ 21.) I have also tried booting Lenny with the 'noapic' option -- in this case the IRQs are assigned as follows, but I still hear no sound: == $ cat /proc/interrupts CPU0 0: 1657331 XT-PIC timer 1: 4866 XT-PIC i8042 2: 0 XT-PIC cascade 5: 0 XT-PIC uhci_hcd:usb2 6: 5 XT-PIC floppy 7: 0 XT-PIC parport0 8: 1 XT-PIC rtc 9: 24 XT-PIC acpi, ehci_hcd:usb5 10: 10904 XT-PIC uhci_hcd:usb3, libata, eth1 11: 498034 XT-PIC uhci_hcd:usb1, uhci_hcd:usb4, CMI8738, i...@pci:0000:00:02.0 12: 284384 XT-PIC i8042 14: 30749 XT-PIC ide0 15: 19809 XT-PIC ide1 NMI: 0 LOC: 1657303 ERR: 0 MIS: 0 == I've spent a few days reading various pieces of documentation about sound/PCI configuration, and I'm starting to run out of ideas ... Thank you very much, Robert Canner London, UK -- To UNSUBSCRIBE, email to debian-user-requ...@lists.debian.org with a subject of "unsubscribe". Trouble? Contact listmas...@lists.debian.org