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A binary file usually starts out with a hex 1Ah character in the DOS world
at least. Other clues will be many characters with values in the range of
90H-FFH inclusive. Unix has a file utility whose source code is available
for examination and it's well worth the abundance of file format
information that can be gleaned from that source code. But the definitive
source for all kinds of file format information is "the File Formats
Handbook" available for purchase from its own web page and no
self-respecting library that has technical as part of its name will be
found without copies available (probably to use in the stacks). The best
edition of that book is always the most current since it gets larger with
each successive edition.