"Sibuyas Bombay" wrote: >anyway, how does a ` differ from a ' anyway ? ... and what are they call >ed For full details look at the manpage for bash on quoting; for a friendlier approach, look at the Debian Tutorial at www.debian.org.
Very briefly: ' is called single quote, ` is called backquote bash has special characters, such as `, |, &, $ and so on. If they are enclosed in '', they cease to be special and become literal characters. Anything enclosed in backquotes is treated as a command to run. The output of that command is substitued for the backquotes and everything between them. Like this: bash-2.01$ cat /var/run/named.pid 287 bash-2.01$ ps p `cat /var/run/named.pid` PID TTY STAT TIME COMMAND 287 ? S 0:02 /usr/sbin/named bash-2.01$ ps p '`cat /var/run/named.pid`' unrecognized option or trailing garbage usage: ps acehjlnrsSuvwx{t<tty>|#|O[-]u[-]U..} \ --sort:[-]key1,[-]key2,... --help gives you this message --version prints version information bash-2.01$ -- Oliver Elphick [EMAIL PROTECTED] Isle of Wight http://www.lfix.co.uk/oliver PGP key from public servers; key ID 32B8FAA1 ======================================== "Go ye therefore, and teach all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost; Teaching them to observe all things whatsoever I have commanded you; and, lo, I am with you alway, even unto the end of the world. Amen." Matthew 28:19,20