Previous similar bugs suggest that compiling libclc/mesa-opencl-icd with -Bsymbolic, and/or statically linking them to LLVM/Clang, might help:
https://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=768185 https://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=852746
However, unlike those bugs, this one occurs even if mesa-opencl-icd is the only ICD installed.
