In addition, when pressing the refresh button on the Updates tab, no connections to the Debian repositories seem to be made, so the APT package lists aren't being updated.
I only see odrs.gnome.org and proxy02.gnome.org (for shell extension updates?) but not any Debian mirrors. The update check itself takes less than a second so there is no way that it would be able to refresh the APT lists so quickly. I would expect that clicking "refresh" in the update manager updates the package lists and notifies me of updates, regardless of anything. (If I want to do this every minute or every five seconds, it should let me.) When I first run 'sudo apt update' and then click the refresh button again, gnome-software does notify me of updates, but I might as well use 'sudo apt upgrade' then. -- With kind regards, Kevin Keijzer