Some more data points:

- Further simplification of the dovecot config (ssl = no) does not make
a difference.

- The problem is not reproducible on a different machine, using the
exact same content of /etc/dovecot.conf and /etc/pam.d/dovecot.

- On the machine where the problem persists, this pam config does not work:

--- /etc/pam.d/dovecot (non-working) ---
#%PAM-1.0

auth     required pam_unix.so
account  required pam_unix.so
session  required pam_unix.so
password required pam_unix.so

--- EOF ---

whereas the problem goes away with this one:

--- /etc/pam.d/dovecot (working) ---
#%PAM-1.0

auth     required pam_unix.so
account  required pam_unix.so
session  required pam_unix.so
password optional pam_warn.so
password required pam_unix.so

--- EOF ---

It does not matter to which type (auth/account/etc.) the pam_warn.so
line is added, using any of the four works.

So this might be a PAM problem, not necessarily a dovecot problem.
Open questions:

 - What difference between my test machines could potentially cause the
difference in behavior?

 - Why does the inclusion of pam_warn.so make a difference?

Appending "audit" to the pam_unix.so lines reveals that the username
passed to PAM is correct. However, PAM still logs "user unknown".

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