Author: tcottin
Date: 2025-07-25T02:45:56+02:00
New Revision: 51994891e3a28a999e30a915d9ac5c2102073576

URL: 
https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/commit/51994891e3a28a999e30a915d9ac5c2102073576
DIFF: 
https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/commit/51994891e3a28a999e30a915d9ac5c2102073576.diff

LOG: [clangd] Improve Markup Rendering (#140498)

This is a preparation for fixing clangd/clangd#529.

It changes the Markup rendering to markdown and plaintext.

- Properly separate paragraphs using an empty line between
- Dont escape markdown syntax for markdown output except for HTML
- Dont do any formatting for markdown because the client is handling the
actual markdown rendering

Added: 
    clang-tools-extra/clangd/test/signature-help-unescaped.test

Modified: 
    clang-tools-extra/clangd/ClangdLSPServer.cpp
    clang-tools-extra/clangd/CodeComplete.cpp
    clang-tools-extra/clangd/Config.h
    clang-tools-extra/clangd/ConfigCompile.cpp
    clang-tools-extra/clangd/ConfigFragment.h
    clang-tools-extra/clangd/ConfigYAML.cpp
    clang-tools-extra/clangd/Hover.cpp
    clang-tools-extra/clangd/Hover.h
    clang-tools-extra/clangd/support/Markup.cpp
    clang-tools-extra/clangd/support/Markup.h
    clang-tools-extra/clangd/unittests/CodeCompleteTests.cpp
    clang-tools-extra/clangd/unittests/HoverTests.cpp
    clang-tools-extra/clangd/unittests/support/MarkupTests.cpp

Removed: 
    


################################################################################
diff  --git a/clang-tools-extra/clangd/ClangdLSPServer.cpp 
b/clang-tools-extra/clangd/ClangdLSPServer.cpp
index a703009e2b467..b445dcf2bbd2e 100644
--- a/clang-tools-extra/clangd/ClangdLSPServer.cpp
+++ b/clang-tools-extra/clangd/ClangdLSPServer.cpp
@@ -1279,11 +1279,9 @@ void ClangdLSPServer::onHover(const 
TextDocumentPositionParams &Params,
                       R.contents.kind = HoverContentFormat;
                       R.range = (*H)->SymRange;
                       switch (HoverContentFormat) {
-                      case MarkupKind::PlainText:
-                        R.contents.value = (*H)->present().asPlainText();
-                        return Reply(std::move(R));
                       case MarkupKind::Markdown:
-                        R.contents.value = (*H)->present().asMarkdown();
+                      case MarkupKind::PlainText:
+                        R.contents.value = (*H)->present(HoverContentFormat);
                         return Reply(std::move(R));
                       };
                       llvm_unreachable("unhandled MarkupKind");

diff  --git a/clang-tools-extra/clangd/CodeComplete.cpp 
b/clang-tools-extra/clangd/CodeComplete.cpp
index 184c3c962f063..9c17b4ca9b706 100644
--- a/clang-tools-extra/clangd/CodeComplete.cpp
+++ b/clang-tools-extra/clangd/CodeComplete.cpp
@@ -193,7 +193,11 @@ MarkupContent renderDoc(const markup::Document &Doc, 
MarkupKind Kind) {
     Result.value.append(Doc.asPlainText());
     break;
   case MarkupKind::Markdown:
-    Result.value.append(Doc.asMarkdown());
+    if (Config::current().Documentation.CommentFormat ==
+        Config::CommentFormatPolicy::PlainText)
+      Result.value.append(Doc.asEscapedMarkdown());
+    else
+      Result.value.append(Doc.asMarkdown());
     break;
   }
   return Result;

diff  --git a/clang-tools-extra/clangd/Config.h 
b/clang-tools-extra/clangd/Config.h
index 83e0fce847271..2e3e0a431ab1f 100644
--- a/clang-tools-extra/clangd/Config.h
+++ b/clang-tools-extra/clangd/Config.h
@@ -196,6 +196,19 @@ struct Config {
     /// Controls highlighting modifiers that are disabled.
     std::vector<std::string> DisabledModifiers;
   } SemanticTokens;
+
+  enum class CommentFormatPolicy {
+    /// Treat comments as plain text.
+    PlainText,
+    /// Treat comments as Markdown.
+    Markdown,
+    /// Treat comments as doxygen.
+    Doxygen,
+  };
+
+  struct {
+    CommentFormatPolicy CommentFormat = CommentFormatPolicy::PlainText;
+  } Documentation;
 };
 
 } // namespace clangd

diff  --git a/clang-tools-extra/clangd/ConfigCompile.cpp 
b/clang-tools-extra/clangd/ConfigCompile.cpp
index 35d35f747a868..5dda6dd8bf712 100644
--- a/clang-tools-extra/clangd/ConfigCompile.cpp
+++ b/clang-tools-extra/clangd/ConfigCompile.cpp
@@ -198,6 +198,7 @@ struct FragmentCompiler {
     compile(std::move(F.InlayHints));
     compile(std::move(F.SemanticTokens));
     compile(std::move(F.Style));
+    compile(std::move(F.Documentation));
   }
 
   void compile(Fragment::IfBlock &&F) {
@@ -793,6 +794,21 @@ struct FragmentCompiler {
     }
   }
 
+  void compile(Fragment::DocumentationBlock &&F) {
+    if (F.CommentFormat) {
+      if (auto Val =
+              compileEnum<Config::CommentFormatPolicy>("CommentFormat",
+                                                       *F.CommentFormat)
+                  .map("Plaintext", Config::CommentFormatPolicy::PlainText)
+                  .map("Markdown", Config::CommentFormatPolicy::Markdown)
+                  .map("Doxygen", Config::CommentFormatPolicy::Doxygen)
+                  .value())
+        Out.Apply.push_back([Val](const Params &, Config &C) {
+          C.Documentation.CommentFormat = *Val;
+        });
+    }
+  }
+
   constexpr static llvm::SourceMgr::DiagKind Error = llvm::SourceMgr::DK_Error;
   constexpr static llvm::SourceMgr::DiagKind Warning =
       llvm::SourceMgr::DK_Warning;

diff  --git a/clang-tools-extra/clangd/ConfigFragment.h 
b/clang-tools-extra/clangd/ConfigFragment.h
index 9e00dbc9dc90a..a6a7cd53fb9bf 100644
--- a/clang-tools-extra/clangd/ConfigFragment.h
+++ b/clang-tools-extra/clangd/ConfigFragment.h
@@ -393,6 +393,17 @@ struct Fragment {
     std::vector<Located<std::string>> DisabledModifiers;
   };
   SemanticTokensBlock SemanticTokens;
+
+  /// Configures documentation style and behaviour.
+  struct DocumentationBlock {
+    /// Specifies the format of comments in the code.
+    /// Valid values are enum Config::CommentFormatPolicy values:
+    /// - Plaintext: Treat comments as plain text.
+    /// - Markdown: Treat comments as Markdown.
+    /// - Doxygen: Treat comments as doxygen.
+    std::optional<Located<std::string>> CommentFormat;
+  };
+  DocumentationBlock Documentation;
 };
 
 } // namespace config

diff  --git a/clang-tools-extra/clangd/ConfigYAML.cpp 
b/clang-tools-extra/clangd/ConfigYAML.cpp
index 6086357d8f0d9..289b7e8d1c49d 100644
--- a/clang-tools-extra/clangd/ConfigYAML.cpp
+++ b/clang-tools-extra/clangd/ConfigYAML.cpp
@@ -69,6 +69,7 @@ class Parser {
     Dict.handle("Hover", [&](Node &N) { parse(F.Hover, N); });
     Dict.handle("InlayHints", [&](Node &N) { parse(F.InlayHints, N); });
     Dict.handle("SemanticTokens", [&](Node &N) { parse(F.SemanticTokens, N); 
});
+    Dict.handle("Documentation", [&](Node &N) { parse(F.Documentation, N); });
     Dict.parse(N);
     return !(N.failed() || HadError);
   }
@@ -312,6 +313,15 @@ class Parser {
     Dict.parse(N);
   }
 
+  void parse(Fragment::DocumentationBlock &F, Node &N) {
+    DictParser Dict("Documentation", this);
+    Dict.handle("CommentFormat", [&](Node &N) {
+      if (auto Value = scalarValue(N, "CommentFormat"))
+        F.CommentFormat = *Value;
+    });
+    Dict.parse(N);
+  }
+
   // Helper for parsing mapping nodes (dictionaries).
   // We don't use YamlIO as we want to control over unknown keys.
   class DictParser {

diff  --git a/clang-tools-extra/clangd/Hover.cpp 
b/clang-tools-extra/clangd/Hover.cpp
index e39d8bfcf83f3..1e0718d673260 100644
--- a/clang-tools-extra/clangd/Hover.cpp
+++ b/clang-tools-extra/clangd/Hover.cpp
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 #include "Headers.h"
 #include "IncludeCleaner.h"
 #include "ParsedAST.h"
+#include "Protocol.h"
 #include "Selection.h"
 #include "SourceCode.h"
 #include "clang-include-cleaner/Analysis.h"
@@ -960,42 +961,6 @@ std::optional<HoverInfo> getHoverContents(const Attr *A, 
ParsedAST &AST) {
   return HI;
 }
 
-bool isParagraphBreak(llvm::StringRef Rest) {
-  return Rest.ltrim(" \t").starts_with("\n");
-}
-
-bool punctuationIndicatesLineBreak(llvm::StringRef Line) {
-  constexpr llvm::StringLiteral Punctuation = R"txt(.:,;!?)txt";
-
-  Line = Line.rtrim();
-  return !Line.empty() && Punctuation.contains(Line.back());
-}
-
-bool isHardLineBreakIndicator(llvm::StringRef Rest) {
-  // '-'/'*' md list, '@'/'\' documentation command, '>' md blockquote,
-  // '#' headings, '`' code blocks
-  constexpr llvm::StringLiteral LinebreakIndicators = R"txt(-*@\>#`)txt";
-
-  Rest = Rest.ltrim(" \t");
-  if (Rest.empty())
-    return false;
-
-  if (LinebreakIndicators.contains(Rest.front()))
-    return true;
-
-  if (llvm::isDigit(Rest.front())) {
-    llvm::StringRef AfterDigit = Rest.drop_while(llvm::isDigit);
-    if (AfterDigit.starts_with(".") || AfterDigit.starts_with(")"))
-      return true;
-  }
-  return false;
-}
-
-bool isHardLineBreakAfter(llvm::StringRef Line, llvm::StringRef Rest) {
-  // Should we also consider whether Line is short?
-  return punctuationIndicatesLineBreak(Line) || isHardLineBreakIndicator(Rest);
-}
-
 void addLayoutInfo(const NamedDecl &ND, HoverInfo &HI) {
   if (ND.isInvalidDecl())
     return;
@@ -1570,6 +1535,26 @@ markup::Document HoverInfo::present() const {
   return Output;
 }
 
+std::string HoverInfo::present(MarkupKind Kind) const {
+  if (Kind == MarkupKind::Markdown) {
+    const Config &Cfg = Config::current();
+    if ((Cfg.Documentation.CommentFormat ==
+         Config::CommentFormatPolicy::Markdown) ||
+        (Cfg.Documentation.CommentFormat ==
+         Config::CommentFormatPolicy::Doxygen))
+      // If the user prefers Markdown, we use the present() method to generate
+      // the Markdown output.
+      return present().asMarkdown();
+    if (Cfg.Documentation.CommentFormat ==
+        Config::CommentFormatPolicy::PlainText)
+      // If the user prefers plain text, we use the present() method to 
generate
+      // the plain text output.
+      return present().asEscapedMarkdown();
+  }
+
+  return present().asPlainText();
+}
+
 // If the backtick at `Offset` starts a probable quoted range, return the range
 // (including the quotes).
 std::optional<llvm::StringRef> getBacktickQuoteRange(llvm::StringRef Line,
@@ -1583,9 +1568,14 @@ std::optional<llvm::StringRef> 
getBacktickQuoteRange(llvm::StringRef Line,
     return std::nullopt;
 
   // The quoted string must be nonempty and usually has no leading/trailing ws.
-  auto Next = Line.find('`', Offset + 1);
+  auto Next = Line.find_first_of("`\n", Offset + 1);
   if (Next == llvm::StringRef::npos)
     return std::nullopt;
+
+  // There should be no newline in the quoted string.
+  if (Line[Next] == '\n')
+    return std::nullopt;
+
   llvm::StringRef Contents = Line.slice(Offset + 1, Next);
   if (Contents.empty() || isWhitespace(Contents.front()) ||
       isWhitespace(Contents.back()))
@@ -1600,51 +1590,40 @@ std::optional<llvm::StringRef> 
getBacktickQuoteRange(llvm::StringRef Line,
   return Line.slice(Offset, Next + 1);
 }
 
-void parseDocumentationLine(llvm::StringRef Line, markup::Paragraph &Out) {
+void parseDocumentationParagraph(llvm::StringRef Text, markup::Paragraph &Out) 
{
   // Probably this is appendText(Line), but scan for something interesting.
-  for (unsigned I = 0; I < Line.size(); ++I) {
-    switch (Line[I]) {
+  for (unsigned I = 0; I < Text.size(); ++I) {
+    switch (Text[I]) {
     case '`':
-      if (auto Range = getBacktickQuoteRange(Line, I)) {
-        Out.appendText(Line.substr(0, I));
+      if (auto Range = getBacktickQuoteRange(Text, I)) {
+        Out.appendText(Text.substr(0, I));
         Out.appendCode(Range->trim("`"), /*Preserve=*/true);
-        return parseDocumentationLine(Line.substr(I + Range->size()), Out);
+        return parseDocumentationParagraph(Text.substr(I + Range->size()), 
Out);
       }
       break;
     }
   }
-  Out.appendText(Line).appendSpace();
+  Out.appendText(Text);
 }
 
 void parseDocumentation(llvm::StringRef Input, markup::Document &Output) {
-  std::vector<llvm::StringRef> ParagraphLines;
-  auto FlushParagraph = [&] {
-    if (ParagraphLines.empty())
-      return;
-    auto &P = Output.addParagraph();
-    for (llvm::StringRef Line : ParagraphLines)
-      parseDocumentationLine(Line, P);
-    ParagraphLines.clear();
-  };
-
-  llvm::StringRef Line, Rest;
-  for (std::tie(Line, Rest) = Input.split('\n');
-       !(Line.empty() && Rest.empty());
-       std::tie(Line, Rest) = Rest.split('\n')) {
-
-    // After a linebreak remove spaces to avoid 4 space markdown code blocks.
-    // FIXME: make FlushParagraph handle this.
-    Line = Line.ltrim();
-    if (!Line.empty())
-      ParagraphLines.push_back(Line);
-
-    if (isParagraphBreak(Rest) || isHardLineBreakAfter(Line, Rest)) {
-      FlushParagraph();
-    }
+  // A documentation string is treated as a sequence of paragraphs,
+  // where the paragraphs are seperated by at least one empty line
+  // (meaning 2 consecutive newline characters).
+  // Possible leading empty lines (introduced by an odd number > 1 of
+  // empty lines between 2 paragraphs) will be removed later in the Markup
+  // renderer.
+  llvm::StringRef Paragraph, Rest;
+  for (std::tie(Paragraph, Rest) = Input.split("\n\n");
+       !(Paragraph.empty() && Rest.empty());
+       std::tie(Paragraph, Rest) = Rest.split("\n\n")) {
+
+    // The Paragraph will be empty if there is an even number of newline
+    // characters between two paragraphs, so we skip it.
+    if (!Paragraph.empty())
+      parseDocumentationParagraph(Paragraph, Output.addParagraph());
   }
-  FlushParagraph();
 }
-
 llvm::raw_ostream &operator<<(llvm::raw_ostream &OS,
                               const HoverInfo::PrintedType &T) {
   OS << T.Type;

diff  --git a/clang-tools-extra/clangd/Hover.h 
b/clang-tools-extra/clangd/Hover.h
index fe689de44732e..2f65431bd72de 100644
--- a/clang-tools-extra/clangd/Hover.h
+++ b/clang-tools-extra/clangd/Hover.h
@@ -120,6 +120,8 @@ struct HoverInfo {
 
   /// Produce a user-readable information.
   markup::Document present() const;
+
+  std::string present(MarkupKind Kind) const;
 };
 
 inline bool operator==(const HoverInfo::PrintedType &LHS,

diff  --git a/clang-tools-extra/clangd/support/Markup.cpp 
b/clang-tools-extra/clangd/support/Markup.cpp
index 63aff96b02056..a13083026f26b 100644
--- a/clang-tools-extra/clangd/support/Markup.cpp
+++ b/clang-tools-extra/clangd/support/Markup.cpp
@@ -6,12 +6,12 @@
 //
 
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
 #include "support/Markup.h"
+#include "clang/Basic/CharInfo.h"
 #include "llvm/ADT/ArrayRef.h"
 #include "llvm/ADT/STLExtras.h"
 #include "llvm/ADT/SmallVector.h"
 #include "llvm/ADT/StringExtras.h"
 #include "llvm/ADT/StringRef.h"
-#include "llvm/Support/Compiler.h"
 #include "llvm/Support/raw_ostream.h"
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <iterator>
@@ -64,8 +64,8 @@ bool looksLikeTag(llvm::StringRef Contents) {
 // It's always safe to escape punctuation, but want minimal escaping.
 // The strategy is to escape the first character of anything that might start
 // a markdown grammar construct.
-bool needsLeadingEscape(char C, llvm::StringRef Before, llvm::StringRef After,
-                        bool StartsLine) {
+bool needsLeadingEscapePlaintext(char C, llvm::StringRef Before,
+                                 llvm::StringRef After, bool StartsLine) {
   assert(Before.take_while(llvm::isSpace).empty());
   auto RulerLength = [&]() -> /*Length*/ unsigned {
     if (!StartsLine || !Before.empty())
@@ -151,16 +151,94 @@ bool needsLeadingEscape(char C, llvm::StringRef Before, 
llvm::StringRef After,
   }
 }
 
-/// Escape a markdown text block. Ensures the punctuation will not introduce
+/// \brief Tests whether \p C should be backslash-escaped in markdown.
+///
+/// The MarkupContent LSP specification defines that `markdown` content needs 
to
+/// follow GFM (GitHub Flavored Markdown) rules. And we can assume that 
markdown
+/// is rendered on the client side. This means we do not need to escape any
+/// markdown constructs.
+/// The only exception is when the client does not support HTML rendering in
+/// markdown. In that case, we need to escape HTML tags and HTML entities.
+///
+/// **FIXME:** handle the case when the client does support HTML rendering in
+/// markdown. For this, the LSP server needs to check the
+/// [supportsHtml
+/// 
capability](https://github.com/microsoft/language-server-protocol/issues/1344)
+/// of the client.
+///
+/// \param C The character to check.
+/// \param After The string that follows \p C .
+/// This is used to determine if \p C is part of a tag or an entity reference.
+///
+/// \returns true if \p C should be escaped, false otherwise.
+bool needsLeadingEscapeMarkdown(char C, llvm::StringRef After) {
+  switch (C) {
+  case '<': // HTML tag (or autolink, which we choose not to escape)
+    return looksLikeTag(After);
+  case '&': { // HTML entity reference
+    auto End = After.find(';');
+    if (End == llvm::StringRef::npos)
+      return false;
+    llvm::StringRef Content = After.substr(0, End);
+    if (Content.consume_front("#")) {
+      if (Content.consume_front("x") || Content.consume_front("X"))
+        return llvm::all_of(Content, llvm::isHexDigit);
+      return llvm::all_of(Content, llvm::isDigit);
+    }
+    return llvm::all_of(Content, llvm::isAlpha);
+  }
+  default:
+    return false;
+  }
+}
+
+bool needsLeadingEscape(char C, llvm::StringRef Before, llvm::StringRef After,
+                        bool StartsLine, bool EscapeMarkdown) {
+  if (EscapeMarkdown)
+    return needsLeadingEscapePlaintext(C, Before, After, StartsLine);
+  return needsLeadingEscapeMarkdown(C, After);
+}
+
+/// Escape a markdown text block.
+/// If \p EscapeMarkdown is true it ensures the punctuation will not introduce
 /// any of the markdown constructs.
-std::string renderText(llvm::StringRef Input, bool StartsLine) {
+/// Else, markdown syntax is not escaped, only HTML tags and entities.
+std::string renderText(llvm::StringRef Input, bool StartsLine,
+                       bool EscapeMarkdown) {
   std::string R;
-  for (unsigned I = 0; I < Input.size(); ++I) {
-    if (needsLeadingEscape(Input[I], Input.substr(0, I), Input.substr(I + 1),
-                           StartsLine))
-      R.push_back('\\');
-    R.push_back(Input[I]);
+  R.reserve(Input.size());
+
+  // split the input into lines, and escape each line separately.
+  llvm::StringRef Line, Rest;
+
+  bool IsFirstLine = true;
+
+  for (std::tie(Line, Rest) = Input.split('\n');
+       !(Line.empty() && Rest.empty());
+       std::tie(Line, Rest) = Rest.split('\n')) {
+
+    bool StartsLineIntern = IsFirstLine ? StartsLine : true;
+
+    // Ignore leading spaces for the escape logic, but preserve them in the
+    // output.
+    StringRef LeadingSpaces = Line.take_while(llvm::isSpace);
+    if (!LeadingSpaces.empty()) {
+      R.append(LeadingSpaces);
+    }
+
+    for (unsigned I = LeadingSpaces.size(); I < Line.size(); ++I) {
+      if (needsLeadingEscape(Line[I], Line.substr(LeadingSpaces.size(), I),
+                             Line.substr(I + 1), StartsLineIntern,
+                             EscapeMarkdown))
+        R.push_back('\\');
+      R.push_back(Line[I]);
+    }
+
+    IsFirstLine = false;
+    if (!Rest.empty())
+      R.push_back('\n');
   }
+
   return R;
 }
 
@@ -168,6 +246,7 @@ std::string renderText(llvm::StringRef Input, bool 
StartsLine) {
 /// is surrounded by backticks and the inner contents are properly escaped.
 std::string renderInlineBlock(llvm::StringRef Input) {
   std::string R;
+  R.reserve(Input.size());
   // Double all backticks to make sure we don't close the inline block early.
   for (size_t From = 0; From < Input.size();) {
     size_t Next = Input.find("`", From);
@@ -261,6 +340,9 @@ std::string 
renderBlocks(llvm::ArrayRef<std::unique_ptr<Block>> Children,
 // https://github.com/microsoft/vscode/issues/88416 for details.
 class Ruler : public Block {
 public:
+  void renderEscapedMarkdown(llvm::raw_ostream &OS) const override {
+    renderMarkdown(OS);
+  }
   void renderMarkdown(llvm::raw_ostream &OS) const override {
     // Note that we need an extra new line before the ruler, otherwise we might
     // make previous block a title instead of introducing a ruler.
@@ -275,6 +357,9 @@ class Ruler : public Block {
 
 class CodeBlock : public Block {
 public:
+  void renderEscapedMarkdown(llvm::raw_ostream &OS) const override {
+    renderMarkdown(OS);
+  }
   void renderMarkdown(llvm::raw_ostream &OS) const override {
     std::string Marker = getMarkerForCodeBlock(Contents);
     // No need to pad from previous blocks, as they should end with a new line.
@@ -303,11 +388,13 @@ class CodeBlock : public Block {
 std::string indentLines(llvm::StringRef Input) {
   assert(!Input.ends_with("\n") && "Input should've been trimmed.");
   std::string IndentedR;
-  // We'll add 2 spaces after each new line.
+  // We'll add 2 spaces after each new line which is not followed by another 
new
+  // line.
   IndentedR.reserve(Input.size() + Input.count('\n') * 2);
-  for (char C : Input) {
+  for (size_t I = 0; I < Input.size(); ++I) {
+    char C = Input[I];
     IndentedR += C;
-    if (C == '\n')
+    if (C == '\n' && (((I + 1) < Input.size()) && (Input[I + 1] != '\n')))
       IndentedR.append("  ");
   }
   return IndentedR;
@@ -316,17 +403,34 @@ std::string indentLines(llvm::StringRef Input) {
 class Heading : public Paragraph {
 public:
   Heading(size_t Level) : Level(Level) {}
+
+  void renderEscapedMarkdown(llvm::raw_ostream &OS) const override {
+    insertHeadingMarkers(OS);
+    Paragraph::renderEscapedMarkdown(OS);
+  }
+
   void renderMarkdown(llvm::raw_ostream &OS) const override {
-    OS << std::string(Level, '#') << ' ';
+    insertHeadingMarkers(OS);
     Paragraph::renderMarkdown(OS);
   }
 
 private:
   size_t Level;
+
+  void insertHeadingMarkers(llvm::raw_ostream &OS) const {
+    OS << std::string(Level, '#') << ' ';
+  }
 };
 
 } // namespace
 
+std::string Block::asEscapedMarkdown() const {
+  std::string R;
+  llvm::raw_string_ostream OS(R);
+  renderEscapedMarkdown(OS);
+  return llvm::StringRef(OS.str()).trim().str();
+}
+
 std::string Block::asMarkdown() const {
   std::string R;
   llvm::raw_string_ostream OS(R);
@@ -341,6 +445,35 @@ std::string Block::asPlainText() const {
   return llvm::StringRef(OS.str()).trim().str();
 }
 
+void Paragraph::renderEscapedMarkdown(llvm::raw_ostream &OS) const {
+  bool NeedsSpace = false;
+  bool HasChunks = false;
+  for (auto &C : Chunks) {
+    if (C.SpaceBefore || NeedsSpace)
+      OS << " ";
+    switch (C.Kind) {
+    case ChunkKind::PlainText:
+      OS << renderText(C.Contents, !HasChunks, /*EscapeMarkdown=*/true);
+      break;
+    case ChunkKind::InlineCode:
+      OS << renderInlineBlock(C.Contents);
+      break;
+    case ChunkKind::Bold:
+      OS << renderText("**" + C.Contents + "**", !HasChunks,
+                       /*EscapeMarkdown=*/true);
+      break;
+    case ChunkKind::Emphasized:
+      OS << renderText("*" + C.Contents + "*", !HasChunks,
+                       /*EscapeMarkdown=*/true);
+      break;
+    }
+    HasChunks = true;
+    NeedsSpace = C.SpaceAfter;
+  }
+  // A paragraph in markdown is separated by a blank line.
+  OS << "\n\n";
+}
+
 void Paragraph::renderMarkdown(llvm::raw_ostream &OS) const {
   bool NeedsSpace = false;
   bool HasChunks = false;
@@ -348,20 +481,26 @@ void Paragraph::renderMarkdown(llvm::raw_ostream &OS) 
const {
     if (C.SpaceBefore || NeedsSpace)
       OS << " ";
     switch (C.Kind) {
-    case Chunk::PlainText:
-      OS << renderText(C.Contents, !HasChunks);
+    case ChunkKind::PlainText:
+      OS << renderText(C.Contents, !HasChunks, /*EscapeMarkdown=*/false);
       break;
-    case Chunk::InlineCode:
+    case ChunkKind::InlineCode:
       OS << renderInlineBlock(C.Contents);
       break;
+    case ChunkKind::Bold:
+      OS << "**" << renderText(C.Contents, !HasChunks, 
/*EscapeMarkdown=*/false)
+         << "**";
+      break;
+    case ChunkKind::Emphasized:
+      OS << "*" << renderText(C.Contents, !HasChunks, /*EscapeMarkdown=*/false)
+         << "*";
+      break;
     }
     HasChunks = true;
     NeedsSpace = C.SpaceAfter;
   }
-  // Paragraphs are translated into markdown lines, not markdown paragraphs.
-  // Therefore it only has a single linebreak afterwards.
-  // VSCode requires two spaces at the end of line to start a new one.
-  OS << "  \n";
+  // A paragraph in markdown is separated by a blank line.
+  OS << "\n\n";
 }
 
 std::unique_ptr<Block> Paragraph::clone() const {
@@ -370,8 +509,8 @@ std::unique_ptr<Block> Paragraph::clone() const {
 
 /// Choose a marker to delimit `Text` from a prioritized list of options.
 /// This is more readable than escaping for plain-text.
-llvm::StringRef chooseMarker(llvm::ArrayRef<llvm::StringRef> Options,
-                             llvm::StringRef Text) {
+llvm::StringRef Paragraph::chooseMarker(llvm::ArrayRef<llvm::StringRef> 
Options,
+                                        llvm::StringRef Text) const {
   // Prefer a delimiter whose characters don't appear in the text.
   for (llvm::StringRef S : Options)
     if (Text.find_first_of(S) == llvm::StringRef::npos)
@@ -379,31 +518,147 @@ llvm::StringRef 
chooseMarker(llvm::ArrayRef<llvm::StringRef> Options,
   return Options.front();
 }
 
+bool Paragraph::punctuationIndicatesLineBreak(llvm::StringRef Line) const {
+  constexpr llvm::StringLiteral Punctuation = R"txt(.:,;!?)txt";
+
+  Line = Line.rtrim();
+  return !Line.empty() && Punctuation.contains(Line.back());
+}
+
+bool Paragraph::isHardLineBreakIndicator(llvm::StringRef Rest) const {
+  // '-'/'*' md list, '@'/'\' documentation command, '>' md blockquote,
+  // '#' headings, '`' code blocks, two spaces (markdown force newline)
+  constexpr llvm::StringLiteral LinebreakIndicators = R"txt(-*@\>#`)txt";
+
+  Rest = Rest.ltrim(" \t");
+  if (Rest.empty())
+    return false;
+
+  if (LinebreakIndicators.contains(Rest.front()))
+    return true;
+
+  if (llvm::isDigit(Rest.front())) {
+    llvm::StringRef AfterDigit = Rest.drop_while(llvm::isDigit);
+    if (AfterDigit.starts_with(".") || AfterDigit.starts_with(")"))
+      return true;
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+bool Paragraph::isHardLineBreakAfter(llvm::StringRef Line,
+                                     llvm::StringRef Rest) const {
+  // In Markdown, 2 spaces before a line break forces a line break.
+  // Add a line break for plaintext in this case too.
+  // Should we also consider whether Line is short?
+  return Line.ends_with("  ") || punctuationIndicatesLineBreak(Line) ||
+         isHardLineBreakIndicator(Rest);
+}
+
 void Paragraph::renderPlainText(llvm::raw_ostream &OS) const {
   bool NeedsSpace = false;
+  std::string ConcatenatedText;
+  ConcatenatedText.reserve(EstimatedStringSize);
+
+  llvm::raw_string_ostream ConcatenatedOS(ConcatenatedText);
+
   for (auto &C : Chunks) {
+
+    if (C.Kind == ChunkKind::PlainText) {
+      if (C.SpaceBefore || NeedsSpace)
+        ConcatenatedOS << ' ';
+
+      ConcatenatedOS << C.Contents;
+      NeedsSpace = llvm::isSpace(C.Contents.back()) || C.SpaceAfter;
+      continue;
+    }
+
     if (C.SpaceBefore || NeedsSpace)
-      OS << " ";
+      ConcatenatedOS << ' ';
     llvm::StringRef Marker = "";
-    if (C.Preserve && C.Kind == Chunk::InlineCode)
+    if (C.Preserve && C.Kind == ChunkKind::InlineCode)
       Marker = chooseMarker({"`", "'", "\""}, C.Contents);
-    OS << Marker << C.Contents << Marker;
+    else if (C.Kind == ChunkKind::Bold)
+      Marker = "**";
+    else if (C.Kind == ChunkKind::Emphasized)
+      Marker = "*";
+    ConcatenatedOS << Marker << C.Contents << Marker;
     NeedsSpace = C.SpaceAfter;
   }
-  OS << '\n';
+
+  // We go through the contents line by line to handle the newlines
+  // and required spacing correctly.
+  //
+  // Newlines are added if:
+  // - the line ends with 2 spaces and a newline follows
+  // - the line ends with punctuation that indicates a line break (.:,;!?)
+  // - the next line starts with a hard line break indicator (-@>#`, or a digit
+  //   followed by '.' or ')'), ignoring leading whitespace.
+  //
+  // Otherwise, newlines in the input are replaced with a single space.
+  //
+  // Multiple spaces are collapsed into a single space.
+  //
+  // Lines containing only whitespace are ignored.
+  llvm::StringRef Line, Rest;
+
+  for (std::tie(Line, Rest) =
+           llvm::StringRef(ConcatenatedText).trim().split('\n');
+       !(Line.empty() && Rest.empty());
+       std::tie(Line, Rest) = Rest.split('\n')) {
+
+    // Remove lines which only contain whitespace.
+    //
+    // Note: this also handles the case when there are multiple newlines
+    // in a row, since all leading newlines are removed.
+    //
+    // The documentation parsing treats multiple newlines as paragraph
+    // separators, hence it will create a new Paragraph instead of adding
+    // multiple newlines to the same Paragraph.
+    // Therfore multiple newlines are never added to a paragraph
+    // except if the user explicitly adds them using
+    // e.g. appendText("user text\n\nnext text").
+    Line = Line.ltrim();
+    if (Line.empty())
+      continue;
+
+    OS << canonicalizeSpaces(Line);
+
+    if (isHardLineBreakAfter(Line, Rest))
+      OS << '\n';
+    else if (!Rest.empty())
+      // Since we removed any trailing whitespace from the input using trim(),
+      // we know that the next line contains non-whitespace characters.
+      // Therefore, we can add a space without worrying about trailing spaces.
+      OS << ' ';
+  }
+
+  // Paragraphs are separated by a blank line.
+  OS << "\n\n";
 }
 
 BulletList::BulletList() = default;
 BulletList::~BulletList() = default;
 
+void BulletList::renderEscapedMarkdown(llvm::raw_ostream &OS) const {
+  for (auto &D : Items) {
+    std::string M = D.asEscapedMarkdown();
+    // Instead of doing this we might prefer passing Indent to children to get
+    // rid of the copies, if it turns out to be a bottleneck.
+    OS << "- " << indentLines(M) << '\n';
+  }
+  // We add 2 newlines after list to terminate it in markdown.
+  OS << "\n\n";
+}
+
 void BulletList::renderMarkdown(llvm::raw_ostream &OS) const {
   for (auto &D : Items) {
+    std::string M = D.asMarkdown();
     // Instead of doing this we might prefer passing Indent to children to get
     // rid of the copies, if it turns out to be a bottleneck.
-    OS << "- " << indentLines(D.asMarkdown()) << '\n';
+    OS << "- " << indentLines(M) << '\n';
   }
-  // We need a new line after list to terminate it in markdown.
-  OS << '\n';
+  // We add 2 newlines after list to terminate it in markdown.
+  OS << "\n\n";
 }
 
 void BulletList::renderPlainText(llvm::raw_ostream &OS) const {
@@ -412,6 +667,7 @@ void BulletList::renderPlainText(llvm::raw_ostream &OS) 
const {
     // rid of the copies, if it turns out to be a bottleneck.
     OS << "- " << indentLines(D.asPlainText()) << '\n';
   }
+  OS << '\n';
 }
 
 Paragraph &Paragraph::appendSpace() {
@@ -420,32 +676,51 @@ Paragraph &Paragraph::appendSpace() {
   return *this;
 }
 
-Paragraph &Paragraph::appendText(llvm::StringRef Text) {
-  std::string Norm = canonicalizeSpaces(Text);
-  if (Norm.empty())
+Paragraph &Paragraph::appendChunk(llvm::StringRef Contents, ChunkKind K) {
+  if (Contents.empty())
     return *this;
   Chunks.emplace_back();
   Chunk &C = Chunks.back();
-  C.Contents = std::move(Norm);
-  C.Kind = Chunk::PlainText;
-  C.SpaceBefore = llvm::isSpace(Text.front());
-  C.SpaceAfter = llvm::isSpace(Text.back());
+  C.Contents = Contents;
+  C.Kind = K;
+
+  EstimatedStringSize += Contents.size();
   return *this;
 }
 
+Paragraph &Paragraph::appendText(llvm::StringRef Text) {
+  if (!Chunks.empty() && Chunks.back().Kind == ChunkKind::PlainText) {
+    Chunks.back().Contents += std::move(Text);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  return appendChunk(std::move(Text), ChunkKind::PlainText);
+}
+
+Paragraph &Paragraph::appendEmphasizedText(llvm::StringRef Text) {
+  return appendChunk(canonicalizeSpaces(std::move(Text)),
+                     ChunkKind::Emphasized);
+}
+
+Paragraph &Paragraph::appendBoldText(llvm::StringRef Text) {
+  return appendChunk(canonicalizeSpaces(std::move(Text)), ChunkKind::Bold);
+}
+
 Paragraph &Paragraph::appendCode(llvm::StringRef Code, bool Preserve) {
   bool AdjacentCode =
-      !Chunks.empty() && Chunks.back().Kind == Chunk::InlineCode;
+      !Chunks.empty() && Chunks.back().Kind == ChunkKind::InlineCode;
   std::string Norm = canonicalizeSpaces(std::move(Code));
   if (Norm.empty())
     return *this;
+  EstimatedStringSize += Norm.size();
   Chunks.emplace_back();
   Chunk &C = Chunks.back();
   C.Contents = std::move(Norm);
-  C.Kind = Chunk::InlineCode;
+  C.Kind = ChunkKind::InlineCode;
   C.Preserve = Preserve;
   // Disallow adjacent code spans without spaces, markdown can't render them.
   C.SpaceBefore = AdjacentCode;
+
   return *this;
 }
 
@@ -482,6 +757,10 @@ void Document::addCodeBlock(std::string Code, std::string 
Language) {
       std::make_unique<CodeBlock>(std::move(Code), std::move(Language)));
 }
 
+std::string Document::asEscapedMarkdown() const {
+  return renderBlocks(Children, &Block::renderEscapedMarkdown);
+}
+
 std::string Document::asMarkdown() const {
   return renderBlocks(Children, &Block::renderMarkdown);
 }

diff  --git a/clang-tools-extra/clangd/support/Markup.h 
b/clang-tools-extra/clangd/support/Markup.h
index 3a869c49a2cbb..eea6328f69a12 100644
--- a/clang-tools-extra/clangd/support/Markup.h
+++ b/clang-tools-extra/clangd/support/Markup.h
@@ -27,9 +27,11 @@ namespace markup {
 /// should trim them if need be.
 class Block {
 public:
+  virtual void renderEscapedMarkdown(llvm::raw_ostream &OS) const = 0;
   virtual void renderMarkdown(llvm::raw_ostream &OS) const = 0;
   virtual void renderPlainText(llvm::raw_ostream &OS) const = 0;
   virtual std::unique_ptr<Block> clone() const = 0;
+  std::string asEscapedMarkdown() const;
   std::string asMarkdown() const;
   std::string asPlainText() const;
 
@@ -42,6 +44,7 @@ class Block {
 /// One must introduce 
diff erent paragraphs to create separate blocks.
 class Paragraph : public Block {
 public:
+  void renderEscapedMarkdown(llvm::raw_ostream &OS) const override;
   void renderMarkdown(llvm::raw_ostream &OS) const override;
   void renderPlainText(llvm::raw_ostream &OS) const override;
   std::unique_ptr<Block> clone() const override;
@@ -49,6 +52,12 @@ class Paragraph : public Block {
   /// Append plain text to the end of the string.
   Paragraph &appendText(llvm::StringRef Text);
 
+  /// Append emphasized text, this translates to the * block in markdown.
+  Paragraph &appendEmphasizedText(llvm::StringRef Text);
+
+  /// Append bold text, this translates to the ** block in markdown.
+  Paragraph &appendBoldText(llvm::StringRef Text);
+
   /// Append inline code, this translates to the ` block in markdown.
   /// \p Preserve indicates the code span must be apparent even in plaintext.
   Paragraph &appendCode(llvm::StringRef Code, bool Preserve = false);
@@ -58,11 +67,9 @@ class Paragraph : public Block {
   Paragraph &appendSpace();
 
 private:
+  enum ChunkKind { PlainText, InlineCode, Bold, Emphasized };
   struct Chunk {
-    enum {
-      PlainText,
-      InlineCode,
-    } Kind = PlainText;
+    ChunkKind Kind = PlainText;
     // Preserve chunk markers in plaintext.
     bool Preserve = false;
     std::string Contents;
@@ -73,6 +80,21 @@ class Paragraph : public Block {
     bool SpaceAfter = false;
   };
   std::vector<Chunk> Chunks;
+
+  /// Estimated size of the string representation of this paragraph.
+  /// Used to reserve space in the output string.
+  /// Each time paragraph content is added, this value is updated.
+  /// This is an estimate, so it may not be accurate but can help
+  /// reducing dynamically reallocating string memory.
+  unsigned EstimatedStringSize = 0;
+
+  Paragraph &appendChunk(llvm::StringRef Contents, ChunkKind K);
+
+  llvm::StringRef chooseMarker(llvm::ArrayRef<llvm::StringRef> Options,
+                               llvm::StringRef Text) const;
+  bool punctuationIndicatesLineBreak(llvm::StringRef Line) const;
+  bool isHardLineBreakIndicator(llvm::StringRef Rest) const;
+  bool isHardLineBreakAfter(llvm::StringRef Line, llvm::StringRef Rest) const;
 };
 
 /// Represents a sequence of one or more documents. Knows how to print them in 
a
@@ -82,6 +104,10 @@ class BulletList : public Block {
   BulletList();
   ~BulletList();
 
+  // A BulletList rendered in markdown is a tight list if it is not a nested
+  // list and no item contains multiple paragraphs. Otherwise, it is a loose
+  // list.
+  void renderEscapedMarkdown(llvm::raw_ostream &OS) const override;
   void renderMarkdown(llvm::raw_ostream &OS) const override;
   void renderPlainText(llvm::raw_ostream &OS) const override;
   std::unique_ptr<Block> clone() const override;
@@ -117,9 +143,13 @@ class Document {
 
   BulletList &addBulletList();
 
+  /// Doesn't contain any trailing newlines and escaped markdown syntax.
+  /// It is expected that the result of this function
+  /// is rendered as markdown.
+  std::string asEscapedMarkdown() const;
   /// Doesn't contain any trailing newlines.
-  /// We try to make the markdown human-readable, e.g. avoid extra escaping.
-  /// At least one client (coc.nvim) displays the markdown verbatim!
+  /// It is expected that the result of this function
+  /// is rendered as markdown.
   std::string asMarkdown() const;
   /// Doesn't contain any trailing newlines.
   std::string asPlainText() const;

diff  --git a/clang-tools-extra/clangd/test/signature-help-unescaped.test 
b/clang-tools-extra/clangd/test/signature-help-unescaped.test
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..c8a7df81580c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clang-tools-extra/clangd/test/signature-help-unescaped.test
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+# We specify a custom path in XDG_CONFIG_HOME, which only works on some 
systems.
+# UNSUPPORTED: system-windows
+# UNSUPPORTED: system-darwin
+
+# RUN: mkdir -p %t/clangd
+
+# Create a config file that configures to use CommentFormat Markdown.
+# RUN: echo 'Documentation:' > %t/clangd/config.yaml
+# RUN: echo '  CommentFormat: Markdown' >> %t/clangd/config.yaml
+# RUN: env XDG_CONFIG_HOME=%t clangd -lit-test -enable-config < %s | FileCheck 
-strict-whitespace %s
+# Start a session.
+{"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":0,"method":"initialize","params":{"processId":123,"rootPath":"clangd","capabilities":{"textDocument":
 {"signatureHelp": {"signatureInformation": {"documentationFormat": 
["markdown", "plaintext"]}}}},"trace":"off"}}
+---
+{"jsonrpc":"2.0","method":"textDocument/didOpen","params":{"textDocument":{"uri":"test:///main.cpp","languageId":"cpp","version":1,"text":"//
 comment `markdown` _noescape_\nvoid x(int);\nint main(){\nx("}}}
+---
+{"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":1,"method":"textDocument/signatureHelp","params":{"textDocument":{"uri":"test:///main.cpp"},"position":{"line":3,"character":2}}}
+#      CHECK: "id": 1,
+# CHECK-NEXT: "jsonrpc": "2.0",
+# CHECK-NEXT: "result": {
+# CHECK-NEXT:   "activeParameter": 0,
+# CHECK-NEXT:   "activeSignature": 0,
+# CHECK-NEXT:   "signatures": [
+# CHECK-NEXT:     {
+# CHECK-NEXT:       "documentation": {
+# CHECK-NEXT:         "kind": "markdown",
+# CHECK-NEXT:         "value": "comment `markdown` _noescape_"
+# CHECK-NEXT:       },
+# CHECK-NEXT:       "label": "x(int) -> void",
+# CHECK-NEXT:       "parameters": [
+# CHECK-NEXT:         {
+# CHECK-NEXT:           "label": "int"
+# CHECK-NEXT:         }
+# CHECK-NEXT:       ]
+# CHECK-NEXT:     }
+# CHECK-NEXT:   ]
+# CHECK-NEXT: }
+---
+{"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":100000,"method":"shutdown"}
+---
+{"jsonrpc":"2.0","method":"exit"}

diff  --git a/clang-tools-extra/clangd/unittests/CodeCompleteTests.cpp 
b/clang-tools-extra/clangd/unittests/CodeCompleteTests.cpp
index b7c64c7a06745..5a5d815076e2a 100644
--- a/clang-tools-extra/clangd/unittests/CodeCompleteTests.cpp
+++ b/clang-tools-extra/clangd/unittests/CodeCompleteTests.cpp
@@ -1095,10 +1095,11 @@ TEST(CompletionTest, Documentation) {
 
       int x = ^
      )cpp");
-  EXPECT_THAT(Results.Completions,
-              Contains(AllOf(
-                  named("foo"),
-                  doc("Annotation: custom_annotation\nNon-doxygen 
comment."))));
+  EXPECT_THAT(
+      Results.Completions,
+      Contains(
+          AllOf(named("foo"),
+                doc("Annotation: custom_annotation\n\nNon-doxygen 
comment."))));
   EXPECT_THAT(
       Results.Completions,
       Contains(AllOf(named("bar"), doc("Doxygen comment.\n\\param int a"))));
@@ -2297,7 +2298,7 @@ TEST(CompletionTest, Render) {
   EXPECT_EQ(R.insertTextFormat, InsertTextFormat::PlainText);
   EXPECT_EQ(R.filterText, "x");
   EXPECT_EQ(R.detail, "int");
-  EXPECT_EQ(R.documentation->value, "From \"foo.h\"\nThis is x()");
+  EXPECT_EQ(R.documentation->value, "From \"foo.h\"\n\nThis is x()");
   EXPECT_THAT(R.additionalTextEdits, IsEmpty());
   EXPECT_EQ(R.sortText, sortText(1.0, "x"));
   EXPECT_FALSE(R.deprecated);
@@ -2332,7 +2333,7 @@ TEST(CompletionTest, Render) {
   C.BundleSize = 2;
   R = C.render(Opts);
   EXPECT_EQ(R.detail, "[2 overloads]");
-  EXPECT_EQ(R.documentation->value, "From \"foo.h\"\nThis is x()");
+  EXPECT_EQ(R.documentation->value, "From \"foo.h\"\n\nThis is x()");
 
   C.Deprecated = true;
   R = C.render(Opts);
@@ -2340,7 +2341,7 @@ TEST(CompletionTest, Render) {
 
   Opts.DocumentationFormat = MarkupKind::Markdown;
   R = C.render(Opts);
-  EXPECT_EQ(R.documentation->value, "From `\"foo.h\"`  \nThis is `x()`");
+  EXPECT_EQ(R.documentation->value, "From `\"foo.h\"`\n\nThis is `x()`");
 }
 
 TEST(CompletionTest, IgnoreRecoveryResults) {

diff  --git a/clang-tools-extra/clangd/unittests/HoverTests.cpp 
b/clang-tools-extra/clangd/unittests/HoverTests.cpp
index 4a21dafed5e95..12d260db7ea11 100644
--- a/clang-tools-extra/clangd/unittests/HoverTests.cpp
+++ b/clang-tools-extra/clangd/unittests/HoverTests.cpp
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 #include "Annotations.h"
 #include "Config.h"
 #include "Hover.h"
+#include "Protocol.h"
 #include "TestFS.h"
 #include "TestIndex.h"
 #include "TestTU.h"
@@ -3125,7 +3126,7 @@ TEST(Hover, All) {
     Expected.SymRange = T.range();
     Case.ExpectedBuilder(Expected);
 
-    SCOPED_TRACE(H->present().asPlainText());
+    SCOPED_TRACE(H->present(MarkupKind::PlainText));
     EXPECT_EQ(H->NamespaceScope, Expected.NamespaceScope);
     EXPECT_EQ(H->LocalScope, Expected.LocalScope);
     EXPECT_EQ(H->Name, Expected.Name);
@@ -3217,7 +3218,7 @@ TEST(Hover, Providers) {
     ASSERT_TRUE(H);
     HoverInfo Expected;
     Case.ExpectedBuilder(Expected);
-    SCOPED_TRACE(H->present().asMarkdown());
+    SCOPED_TRACE(H->present(MarkupKind::Markdown));
     EXPECT_EQ(H->Provider, Expected.Provider);
   }
 }
@@ -3233,11 +3234,11 @@ TEST(Hover, ParseProviderInfo) {
   struct Case {
     HoverInfo HI;
     llvm::StringRef ExpectedMarkdown;
-  } Cases[] = {{HIFoo, "### `foo`  \nprovided by `\"foo.h\"`"},
-               {HIFooBar, "### `foo`  \nprovided by `<bar.h>`"}};
+  } Cases[] = {{HIFoo, "### `foo`\n\nprovided by `\"foo.h\"`"},
+               {HIFooBar, "### `foo`\n\nprovided by `<bar.h>`"}};
 
   for (const auto &Case : Cases)
-    EXPECT_EQ(Case.HI.present().asMarkdown(), Case.ExpectedMarkdown);
+    EXPECT_EQ(Case.HI.present(MarkupKind::Markdown), Case.ExpectedMarkdown);
 }
 
 TEST(Hover, UsedSymbols) {
@@ -3287,7 +3288,7 @@ TEST(Hover, UsedSymbols) {
     ASSERT_TRUE(H);
     HoverInfo Expected;
     Case.ExpectedBuilder(Expected);
-    SCOPED_TRACE(H->present().asMarkdown());
+    SCOPED_TRACE(H->present(MarkupKind::Markdown));
     EXPECT_EQ(H->UsedSymbolNames, Expected.UsedSymbolNames);
   }
 }
@@ -3441,6 +3442,7 @@ TEST(Hover, Present) {
           R"(class foo
 
 Size: 10 bytes
+
 documentation
 
 template <typename T, typename C = bool> class Foo {})",
@@ -3465,8 +3467,8 @@ template <typename T, typename C = bool> class Foo {})",
           },
           "function foo\n"
           "\n"
-          "→ ret_type (aka can_ret_type)\n"
-          "Parameters:\n"
+          "→ ret_type (aka can_ret_type)\n\n"
+          "Parameters:\n\n"
           "- \n"
           "- type (aka can_type)\n"
           "- type foo (aka can_type)\n"
@@ -3491,8 +3493,11 @@ template <typename T, typename C = bool> class Foo {})",
           R"(field foo
 
 Type: type (aka can_type)
+
 Value = value
+
 Offset: 12 bytes
+
 Size: 4 bytes (+4 bytes padding), alignment 4 bytes
 
 // In test::Bar
@@ -3514,8 +3519,11 @@ def)",
           R"(field foo
 
 Type: type (aka can_type)
+
 Value = value
+
 Offset: 4 bytes and 3 bits
+
 Size: 25 bits (+4 bits padding), alignment 8 bytes
 
 // In test::Bar
@@ -3573,6 +3581,7 @@ protected: size_t method())",
           R"(constructor cls
 
 Parameters:
+
 - int a
 - int b = 5
 
@@ -3609,7 +3618,9 @@ private: union foo {})",
           R"(variable foo
 
 Type: int
+
 Value = 3
+
 Passed as arg_a
 
 // In test::Bar
@@ -3644,7 +3655,9 @@ Passed by value)",
           R"(variable foo
 
 Type: int
+
 Value = 3
+
 Passed by reference as arg_a
 
 // In test::Bar
@@ -3667,7 +3680,9 @@ int foo = 3)",
           R"(variable foo
 
 Type: int
+
 Value = 3
+
 Passed as arg_a (converted to alias_int)
 
 // In test::Bar
@@ -3705,7 +3720,9 @@ int foo = 3)",
           R"(variable foo
 
 Type: int
+
 Value = 3
+
 Passed by const reference as arg_a (converted to int)
 
 // In test::Bar
@@ -3741,83 +3758,140 @@ provides Foo, Bar, Baz, Foobar, Qux and 1 more)"}};
     Config Cfg;
     Cfg.Hover.ShowAKA = true;
     WithContextValue WithCfg(Config::Key, std::move(Cfg));
-    EXPECT_EQ(HI.present().asPlainText(), C.ExpectedRender);
+    EXPECT_EQ(HI.present(MarkupKind::PlainText), C.ExpectedRender);
   }
 }
 
 TEST(Hover, ParseDocumentation) {
   struct Case {
     llvm::StringRef Documentation;
+    llvm::StringRef ExpectedRenderEscapedMarkdown;
     llvm::StringRef ExpectedRenderMarkdown;
     llvm::StringRef ExpectedRenderPlainText;
   } Cases[] = {{
                    " \n foo\nbar",
-                   "foo bar",
+                   "foo\nbar",
+                   "foo\nbar",
                    "foo bar",
                },
                {
                    "foo\nbar \n  ",
-                   "foo bar",
+                   "foo\nbar",
+                   "foo\nbar",
                    "foo bar",
                },
                {
                    "foo  \nbar",
-                   "foo bar",
-                   "foo bar",
+                   "foo  \nbar",
+                   "foo  \nbar",
+                   "foo\nbar",
                },
                {
                    "foo    \nbar",
-                   "foo bar",
-                   "foo bar",
+                   "foo    \nbar",
+                   "foo    \nbar",
+                   "foo\nbar",
                },
                {
                    "foo\n\n\nbar",
-                   "foo  \nbar",
-                   "foo\nbar",
+                   "foo\n\nbar",
+                   "foo\n\nbar",
+                   "foo\n\nbar",
                },
                {
                    "foo\n\n\n\tbar",
-                   "foo  \nbar",
-                   "foo\nbar",
+                   "foo\n\n\tbar",
+                   "foo\n\n\tbar",
+                   "foo\n\nbar",
+               },
+               {
+                   "foo\n\n\n    bar",
+                   "foo\n\n    bar",
+                   "foo\n\n    bar",
+                   "foo\n\nbar",
+               },
+               {
+                   "foo\n\n\n   bar",
+                   "foo\n\n   bar",
+                   "foo\n\n   bar",
+                   "foo\n\nbar",
                },
                {
                    "foo\n\n\n bar",
-                   "foo  \nbar",
-                   "foo\nbar",
+                   "foo\n\n bar",
+                   "foo\n\n bar",
+                   "foo\n\nbar",
+               },
+               {
+                   "foo\n\n\n\nbar",
+                   "foo\n\nbar",
+                   "foo\n\nbar",
+                   "foo\n\nbar",
+               },
+               {
+                   "foo\n\n\n\n\tbar",
+                   "foo\n\n\tbar",
+                   "foo\n\n\tbar",
+                   "foo\n\nbar",
+               },
+               {
+                   "foo\n\n\n\n    bar",
+                   "foo\n\n    bar",
+                   "foo\n\n    bar",
+                   "foo\n\nbar",
+               },
+               {
+                   "foo\n\n\n\n   bar",
+                   "foo\n\n   bar",
+                   "foo\n\n   bar",
+                   "foo\n\nbar",
+               },
+               {
+                   "foo\n\n\n\n bar",
+                   "foo\n\n bar",
+                   "foo\n\n bar",
+                   "foo\n\nbar",
                },
                {
                    "foo.\nbar",
-                   "foo.  \nbar",
+                   "foo.\nbar",
+                   "foo.\nbar",
                    "foo.\nbar",
                },
                {
                    "foo. \nbar",
-                   "foo.  \nbar",
+                   "foo. \nbar",
+                   "foo. \nbar",
                    "foo.\nbar",
                },
                {
                    "foo\n*bar",
-                   "foo  \n\\*bar",
+                   "foo\n\\*bar",
+                   "foo\n*bar",
                    "foo\n*bar",
                },
                {
                    "foo\nbar",
-                   "foo bar",
+                   "foo\nbar",
+                   "foo\nbar",
                    "foo bar",
                },
                {
                    "Tests primality of `p`.",
                    "Tests primality of `p`.",
                    "Tests primality of `p`.",
+                   "Tests primality of `p`.",
                },
                {
                    "'`' should not occur in `Code`",
                    "'\\`' should not occur in `Code`",
                    "'`' should not occur in `Code`",
+                   "'`' should not occur in `Code`",
                },
                {
                    "`not\nparsed`",
-                   "\\`not parsed\\`",
+                   "\\`not\nparsed\\`",
+                   "`not\nparsed`",
                    "`not parsed`",
                }};
 
@@ -3825,6 +3899,7 @@ TEST(Hover, ParseDocumentation) {
     markup::Document Output;
     parseDocumentation(C.Documentation, Output);
 
+    EXPECT_EQ(Output.asEscapedMarkdown(), C.ExpectedRenderEscapedMarkdown);
     EXPECT_EQ(Output.asMarkdown(), C.ExpectedRenderMarkdown);
     EXPECT_EQ(Output.asPlainText(), C.ExpectedRenderPlainText);
   }
@@ -3837,7 +3912,7 @@ TEST(Hover, PresentHeadings) {
   HI.Kind = index::SymbolKind::Variable;
   HI.Name = "foo";
 
-  EXPECT_EQ(HI.present().asMarkdown(), "### variable `foo`");
+  EXPECT_EQ(HI.present(MarkupKind::Markdown), "### variable `foo`");
 }
 
 // This is a separate test as rulers behave 
diff erently in markdown vs
@@ -3850,23 +3925,23 @@ TEST(Hover, PresentRulers) {
   HI.Definition = "def";
 
   llvm::StringRef ExpectedMarkdown = //
-      "### variable `foo`  \n"
+      "### variable `foo`\n"
       "\n"
       "---\n"
-      "Value = `val`  \n"
+      "Value = `val`\n"
       "\n"
       "---\n"
       "```cpp\n"
       "def\n"
       "```";
-  EXPECT_EQ(HI.present().asMarkdown(), ExpectedMarkdown);
+  EXPECT_EQ(HI.present(MarkupKind::Markdown), ExpectedMarkdown);
 
   llvm::StringRef ExpectedPlaintext = R"pt(variable foo
 
 Value = val
 
 def)pt";
-  EXPECT_EQ(HI.present().asPlainText(), ExpectedPlaintext);
+  EXPECT_EQ(HI.present(MarkupKind::PlainText), ExpectedPlaintext);
 }
 
 TEST(Hover, SpaceshipTemplateNoCrash) {

diff  --git a/clang-tools-extra/clangd/unittests/support/MarkupTests.cpp 
b/clang-tools-extra/clangd/unittests/support/MarkupTests.cpp
index 2d86c91c7ec08..482f230fb86fe 100644
--- a/clang-tools-extra/clangd/unittests/support/MarkupTests.cpp
+++ b/clang-tools-extra/clangd/unittests/support/MarkupTests.cpp
@@ -17,6 +17,10 @@ namespace markup {
 namespace {
 
 std::string escape(llvm::StringRef Text) {
+  return Paragraph().appendText(Text.str()).asEscapedMarkdown();
+}
+
+std::string dontEscape(llvm::StringRef Text) {
   return Paragraph().appendText(Text.str()).asMarkdown();
 }
 
@@ -107,15 +111,132 @@ TEST(Render, Escaping) {
   // In code blocks we don't need to escape ASCII punctuation.
   Paragraph P = Paragraph();
   P.appendCode("* foo !+ bar * baz");
-  EXPECT_EQ(P.asMarkdown(), "`* foo !+ bar * baz`");
+  EXPECT_EQ(P.asEscapedMarkdown(), "`* foo !+ bar * baz`");
 
   // But we have to escape the backticks.
   P = Paragraph();
   P.appendCode("foo`bar`baz", /*Preserve=*/true);
-  EXPECT_EQ(P.asMarkdown(), "`foo``bar``baz`");
+  EXPECT_EQ(P.asEscapedMarkdown(), "`foo``bar``baz`");
   // In plain-text, we fall back to 
diff erent quotes.
   EXPECT_EQ(P.asPlainText(), "'foo`bar`baz'");
 
+  // Inline code blocks starting or ending with backticks should add spaces.
+  P = Paragraph();
+  P.appendCode("`foo");
+  EXPECT_EQ(P.asEscapedMarkdown(), "` ``foo `");
+  P = Paragraph();
+  P.appendCode("foo`");
+  EXPECT_EQ(P.asEscapedMarkdown(), "` foo`` `");
+  P = Paragraph();
+  P.appendCode("`foo`");
+  EXPECT_EQ(P.asEscapedMarkdown(), "` ``foo`` `");
+
+  // Code blocks might need more than 3 backticks.
+  Document D;
+  D.addCodeBlock("foobarbaz `\nqux");
+  EXPECT_EQ(D.asEscapedMarkdown(), "```cpp\n"
+                                   "foobarbaz `\nqux\n"
+                                   "```");
+  D = Document();
+  D.addCodeBlock("foobarbaz ``\nqux");
+  EXPECT_THAT(D.asEscapedMarkdown(), "```cpp\n"
+                                     "foobarbaz ``\nqux\n"
+                                     "```");
+  D = Document();
+  D.addCodeBlock("foobarbaz ```\nqux");
+  EXPECT_EQ(D.asEscapedMarkdown(), "````cpp\n"
+                                   "foobarbaz ```\nqux\n"
+                                   "````");
+  D = Document();
+  D.addCodeBlock("foobarbaz ` `` ``` ```` `\nqux");
+  EXPECT_EQ(D.asEscapedMarkdown(), "`````cpp\n"
+                                   "foobarbaz ` `` ``` ```` `\nqux\n"
+                                   "`````");
+}
+
+TEST(Render, NoEscaping) {
+  // Check all ASCII punctuation.
+  std::string Punctuation = R"txt(!"#$%&'()*+,-./:;<=>?@[\]^_`{|}~)txt";
+  EXPECT_EQ(dontEscape(Punctuation), Punctuation);
+
+  // Inline code
+  EXPECT_THAT(dontEscape("`foo`"), escapedNone());
+  EXPECT_THAT(dontEscape("`foo"), escapedNone());
+  EXPECT_THAT(dontEscape("foo`"), escapedNone());
+  EXPECT_THAT(dontEscape("``foo``"), escapedNone());
+  // Code blocks
+  EXPECT_THAT(dontEscape("```"), escapedNone());
+  EXPECT_THAT(dontEscape("~~~"), escapedNone());
+
+  // Rulers and headings
+  EXPECT_THAT(dontEscape("## Heading"), escapedNone());
+  EXPECT_THAT(dontEscape("Foo # bar"), escapedNone());
+  EXPECT_THAT(dontEscape("---"), escapedNone());
+  EXPECT_THAT(dontEscape("-"), escapedNone());
+  EXPECT_THAT(dontEscape("==="), escapedNone());
+  EXPECT_THAT(dontEscape("="), escapedNone());
+  EXPECT_THAT(dontEscape("***"), escapedNone()); // \** could start emphasis!
+
+  // HTML tags.
+  EXPECT_THAT(dontEscape("<pre"), escaped('<'));
+  EXPECT_THAT(dontEscape("< pre"), escapedNone());
+  EXPECT_THAT(dontEscape("if a<b then"), escaped('<'));
+  EXPECT_THAT(dontEscape("if a<b then c."), escapedNone());
+  EXPECT_THAT(dontEscape("if a<b then c='foo'."), escaped('<'));
+  EXPECT_THAT(dontEscape("std::vector<T>"), escaped('<'));
+  EXPECT_THAT(dontEscape("std::vector<std::string>"), escaped('<'));
+  EXPECT_THAT(dontEscape("std::map<int, int>"), escapedNone());
+  // Autolinks
+  EXPECT_THAT(dontEscape("Email <f...@bar.com>"), escapedNone());
+  EXPECT_THAT(dontEscape("Website <http://foo.bar>"), escapedNone());
+
+  // Bullet lists.
+  EXPECT_THAT(dontEscape("- foo"), escapedNone());
+  EXPECT_THAT(dontEscape("* foo"), escapedNone());
+  EXPECT_THAT(dontEscape("+ foo"), escapedNone());
+  EXPECT_THAT(dontEscape("+"), escapedNone());
+  EXPECT_THAT(dontEscape("a + foo"), escapedNone());
+  EXPECT_THAT(dontEscape("a+ foo"), escapedNone());
+  EXPECT_THAT(dontEscape("1. foo"), escapedNone());
+  EXPECT_THAT(dontEscape("a. foo"), escapedNone());
+
+  // Emphasis.
+  EXPECT_THAT(dontEscape("*foo*"), escapedNone());
+  EXPECT_THAT(dontEscape("**foo**"), escapedNone());
+  EXPECT_THAT(dontEscape("*foo"), escapedNone());
+  EXPECT_THAT(dontEscape("foo *"), escapedNone());
+  EXPECT_THAT(dontEscape("foo * bar"), escapedNone());
+  EXPECT_THAT(dontEscape("foo_bar"), escapedNone());
+  EXPECT_THAT(dontEscape("foo _bar"), escapedNone());
+  EXPECT_THAT(dontEscape("foo_ bar"), escapedNone());
+  EXPECT_THAT(dontEscape("foo _ bar"), escapedNone());
+
+  // HTML entities.
+  EXPECT_THAT(dontEscape("fish &chips;"), escaped('&'));
+  EXPECT_THAT(dontEscape("fish & chips;"), escapedNone());
+  EXPECT_THAT(dontEscape("fish &chips"), escapedNone());
+  EXPECT_THAT(dontEscape("foo &#42; bar"), escaped('&'));
+  EXPECT_THAT(dontEscape("foo &#xaf; bar"), escaped('&'));
+  EXPECT_THAT(dontEscape("foo &?; bar"), escapedNone());
+
+  // Links.
+  EXPECT_THAT(dontEscape("[foo](bar)"), escapedNone());
+  EXPECT_THAT(dontEscape("[foo]: bar"), escapedNone());
+  // No need to escape these, as the target never exists.
+  EXPECT_THAT(dontEscape("[foo][]"), escapedNone());
+  EXPECT_THAT(dontEscape("[foo][bar]"), escapedNone());
+  EXPECT_THAT(dontEscape("[foo]"), escapedNone());
+
+  // In code blocks we don't need to escape ASCII punctuation.
+  Paragraph P = Paragraph();
+  P.appendCode("* foo !+ bar * baz");
+  EXPECT_EQ(P.asMarkdown(), "`* foo !+ bar * baz`");
+
+  // But we have to escape the backticks.
+  P = Paragraph();
+  P.appendCode("foo`bar`baz", /*Preserve=*/true);
+  EXPECT_EQ(P.asMarkdown(), "`foo``bar``baz`");
+
   // Inline code blocks starting or ending with backticks should add spaces.
   P = Paragraph();
   P.appendCode("`foo");
@@ -150,17 +271,6 @@ TEST(Render, Escaping) {
                             "`````");
 }
 
-TEST(Paragraph, Chunks) {
-  Paragraph P = Paragraph();
-  P.appendText("One ");
-  P.appendCode("fish");
-  P.appendText(", two ");
-  P.appendCode("fish", /*Preserve=*/true);
-
-  EXPECT_EQ(P.asMarkdown(), "One `fish`, two `fish`");
-  EXPECT_EQ(P.asPlainText(), "One fish, two `fish`");
-}
-
 TEST(Paragraph, SeparationOfChunks) {
   // This test keeps appending contents to a single Paragraph and checks
   // expected accumulated contents after each one.
@@ -168,28 +278,122 @@ TEST(Paragraph, SeparationOfChunks) {
   Paragraph P;
 
   P.appendText("after ");
+  EXPECT_EQ(P.asEscapedMarkdown(), "after");
   EXPECT_EQ(P.asMarkdown(), "after");
   EXPECT_EQ(P.asPlainText(), "after");
 
   P.appendCode("foobar").appendSpace();
+  EXPECT_EQ(P.asEscapedMarkdown(), "after `foobar`");
   EXPECT_EQ(P.asMarkdown(), "after `foobar`");
   EXPECT_EQ(P.asPlainText(), "after foobar");
 
   P.appendText("bat");
+  EXPECT_EQ(P.asEscapedMarkdown(), "after `foobar` bat");
   EXPECT_EQ(P.asMarkdown(), "after `foobar` bat");
   EXPECT_EQ(P.asPlainText(), "after foobar bat");
 
   P.appendCode("no").appendCode("space");
+  EXPECT_EQ(P.asEscapedMarkdown(), "after `foobar` bat`no` `space`");
   EXPECT_EQ(P.asMarkdown(), "after `foobar` bat`no` `space`");
   EXPECT_EQ(P.asPlainText(), "after foobar batno space");
+
+  P.appendText(" text");
+  EXPECT_EQ(P.asEscapedMarkdown(), "after `foobar` bat`no` `space` text");
+  EXPECT_EQ(P.asMarkdown(), "after `foobar` bat`no` `space` text");
+  EXPECT_EQ(P.asPlainText(), "after foobar batno space text");
+
+  P.appendSpace().appendCode("code").appendText(".\n  newline");
+  EXPECT_EQ(P.asEscapedMarkdown(),
+            "after `foobar` bat`no` `space` text `code`.\n  newline");
+  EXPECT_EQ(P.asMarkdown(),
+            "after `foobar` bat`no` `space` text `code`.\n  newline");
+  EXPECT_EQ(P.asPlainText(), "after foobar batno space text code.\nnewline");
+}
+
+TEST(Paragraph, SeparationOfChunks2) {
+  // This test keeps appending contents to a single Paragraph and checks
+  // expected accumulated contents after each one.
+  // Purpose is to check for separation between 
diff erent chunks
+  // where the spacing is in the appended string rather set by appendSpace.
+  Paragraph P;
+
+  P.appendText("after ");
+  EXPECT_EQ(P.asEscapedMarkdown(), "after");
+  EXPECT_EQ(P.asMarkdown(), "after");
+  EXPECT_EQ(P.asPlainText(), "after");
+
+  P.appendText("foobar");
+  EXPECT_EQ(P.asEscapedMarkdown(), "after foobar");
+  EXPECT_EQ(P.asMarkdown(), "after foobar");
+  EXPECT_EQ(P.asPlainText(), "after foobar");
+
+  P.appendText(" bat");
+  EXPECT_EQ(P.asEscapedMarkdown(), "after foobar bat");
+  EXPECT_EQ(P.asMarkdown(), "after foobar bat");
+  EXPECT_EQ(P.asPlainText(), "after foobar bat");
+
+  P.appendText("baz");
+  EXPECT_EQ(P.asEscapedMarkdown(), "after foobar batbaz");
+  EXPECT_EQ(P.asMarkdown(), "after foobar batbaz");
+  EXPECT_EQ(P.asPlainText(), "after foobar batbaz");
+
+  P.appendText(" faz ");
+  EXPECT_EQ(P.asEscapedMarkdown(), "after foobar batbaz faz");
+  EXPECT_EQ(P.asMarkdown(), "after foobar batbaz faz");
+  EXPECT_EQ(P.asPlainText(), "after foobar batbaz faz");
+
+  P.appendText("  bar  ");
+  EXPECT_EQ(P.asEscapedMarkdown(), "after foobar batbaz faz   bar");
+  EXPECT_EQ(P.asMarkdown(), "after foobar batbaz faz   bar");
+  EXPECT_EQ(P.asPlainText(), "after foobar batbaz faz bar");
+
+  P.appendText("qux");
+  EXPECT_EQ(P.asEscapedMarkdown(), "after foobar batbaz faz   bar  qux");
+  EXPECT_EQ(P.asMarkdown(), "after foobar batbaz faz   bar  qux");
+  EXPECT_EQ(P.asPlainText(), "after foobar batbaz faz bar qux");
+}
+
+TEST(Paragraph, SeparationOfChunks3) {
+  // This test keeps appending contents to a single Paragraph and checks
+  // expected accumulated contents after each one.
+  // Purpose is to check for separation between 
diff erent chunks
+  // where the spacing is in the appended string rather set by appendSpace.
+  Paragraph P;
+
+  P.appendText("after  \n");
+  EXPECT_EQ(P.asEscapedMarkdown(), "after");
+  EXPECT_EQ(P.asMarkdown(), "after");
+  EXPECT_EQ(P.asPlainText(), "after");
+
+  P.appendText("  foobar\n");
+  EXPECT_EQ(P.asEscapedMarkdown(), "after  \n  foobar");
+  EXPECT_EQ(P.asMarkdown(), "after  \n  foobar");
+  EXPECT_EQ(P.asPlainText(), "after\nfoobar");
+
+  P.appendText("- bat\n");
+  EXPECT_EQ(P.asEscapedMarkdown(), "after  \n  foobar\n\\- bat");
+  EXPECT_EQ(P.asMarkdown(), "after  \n  foobar\n- bat");
+  EXPECT_EQ(P.asPlainText(), "after\nfoobar\n- bat");
+
+  P.appendText("- baz");
+  EXPECT_EQ(P.asEscapedMarkdown(), "after  \n  foobar\n\\- bat\n\\- baz");
+  EXPECT_EQ(P.asMarkdown(), "after  \n  foobar\n- bat\n- baz");
+  EXPECT_EQ(P.asPlainText(), "after\nfoobar\n- bat\n- baz");
+
+  P.appendText(" faz ");
+  EXPECT_EQ(P.asEscapedMarkdown(), "after  \n  foobar\n\\- bat\n\\- baz faz");
+  EXPECT_EQ(P.asMarkdown(), "after  \n  foobar\n- bat\n- baz faz");
+  EXPECT_EQ(P.asPlainText(), "after\nfoobar\n- bat\n- baz faz");
 }
 
 TEST(Paragraph, ExtraSpaces) {
-  // Make sure spaces inside chunks are dropped.
+  // Make sure spaces inside chunks are preserved for markdown
+  // and dropped for plain text.
   Paragraph P;
   P.appendText("foo\n   \t   baz");
   P.appendCode(" bar\n");
-  EXPECT_EQ(P.asMarkdown(), "foo baz`bar`");
+  EXPECT_EQ(P.asEscapedMarkdown(), "foo\n   \t   baz`bar`");
+  EXPECT_EQ(P.asMarkdown(), "foo\n   \t   baz`bar`");
   EXPECT_EQ(P.asPlainText(), "foo bazbar");
 }
 
@@ -197,7 +401,8 @@ TEST(Paragraph, SpacesCollapsed) {
   Paragraph P;
   P.appendText(" foo bar ");
   P.appendText(" baz ");
-  EXPECT_EQ(P.asMarkdown(), "foo bar baz");
+  EXPECT_EQ(P.asEscapedMarkdown(), "foo bar  baz");
+  EXPECT_EQ(P.asMarkdown(), "foo bar  baz");
   EXPECT_EQ(P.asPlainText(), "foo bar baz");
 }
 
@@ -206,21 +411,60 @@ TEST(Paragraph, NewLines) {
   Paragraph P;
   P.appendText(" \n foo\nbar\n ");
   P.appendCode(" \n foo\nbar \n ");
-  EXPECT_EQ(P.asMarkdown(), "foo bar `foo bar`");
+  EXPECT_EQ(P.asEscapedMarkdown(), "foo\nbar\n `foo bar`");
+  EXPECT_EQ(P.asMarkdown(), "foo\nbar\n `foo bar`");
   EXPECT_EQ(P.asPlainText(), "foo bar foo bar");
 }
 
+TEST(Paragraph, BoldText) {
+  Paragraph P;
+  P.appendBoldText("");
+  EXPECT_EQ(P.asEscapedMarkdown(), "");
+  EXPECT_EQ(P.asMarkdown(), "");
+  EXPECT_EQ(P.asPlainText(), "");
+
+  P.appendBoldText(" \n foo\nbar\n ");
+  EXPECT_EQ(P.asEscapedMarkdown(), "\\*\\*foo bar\\*\\*");
+  EXPECT_EQ(P.asMarkdown(), "**foo bar**");
+  EXPECT_EQ(P.asPlainText(), "**foo bar**");
+
+  P.appendSpace().appendBoldText("foobar");
+  EXPECT_EQ(P.asEscapedMarkdown(), "\\*\\*foo bar\\*\\* \\*\\*foobar\\*\\*");
+  EXPECT_EQ(P.asMarkdown(), "**foo bar** **foobar**");
+  EXPECT_EQ(P.asPlainText(), "**foo bar** **foobar**");
+}
+
+TEST(Paragraph, EmphasizedText) {
+  Paragraph P;
+  P.appendEmphasizedText("");
+  EXPECT_EQ(P.asEscapedMarkdown(), "");
+  EXPECT_EQ(P.asMarkdown(), "");
+  EXPECT_EQ(P.asPlainText(), "");
+
+  P.appendEmphasizedText(" \n foo\nbar\n ");
+  EXPECT_EQ(P.asEscapedMarkdown(), "\\*foo bar\\*");
+  EXPECT_EQ(P.asMarkdown(), "*foo bar*");
+  EXPECT_EQ(P.asPlainText(), "*foo bar*");
+
+  P.appendSpace().appendEmphasizedText("foobar");
+  EXPECT_EQ(P.asEscapedMarkdown(), "\\*foo bar\\* \\*foobar\\*");
+  EXPECT_EQ(P.asMarkdown(), "*foo bar* *foobar*");
+  EXPECT_EQ(P.asPlainText(), "*foo bar* *foobar*");
+}
+
 TEST(Document, Separators) {
   Document D;
   D.addParagraph().appendText("foo");
   D.addCodeBlock("test");
   D.addParagraph().appendText("bar");
 
-  const char ExpectedMarkdown[] = R"md(foo  
+  const char ExpectedMarkdown[] = R"md(foo
+
 ```cpp
 test
 ```
 bar)md";
+  EXPECT_EQ(D.asEscapedMarkdown(), ExpectedMarkdown);
   EXPECT_EQ(D.asMarkdown(), ExpectedMarkdown);
 
   const char ExpectedText[] = R"pt(foo
@@ -238,7 +482,8 @@ TEST(Document, Ruler) {
 
   // Ruler followed by paragraph.
   D.addParagraph().appendText("bar");
-  EXPECT_EQ(D.asMarkdown(), "foo  \n\n---\nbar");
+  EXPECT_EQ(D.asEscapedMarkdown(), "foo\n\n---\nbar");
+  EXPECT_EQ(D.asMarkdown(), "foo\n\n---\nbar");
   EXPECT_EQ(D.asPlainText(), "foo\n\nbar");
 
   D = Document();
@@ -246,7 +491,8 @@ TEST(Document, Ruler) {
   D.addRuler();
   D.addCodeBlock("bar");
   // Ruler followed by a codeblock.
-  EXPECT_EQ(D.asMarkdown(), "foo  \n\n---\n```cpp\nbar\n```");
+  EXPECT_EQ(D.asEscapedMarkdown(), "foo\n\n---\n```cpp\nbar\n```");
+  EXPECT_EQ(D.asMarkdown(), "foo\n\n---\n```cpp\nbar\n```");
   EXPECT_EQ(D.asPlainText(), "foo\n\nbar");
 
   // Ruler followed by another ruler
@@ -254,13 +500,15 @@ TEST(Document, Ruler) {
   D.addParagraph().appendText("foo");
   D.addRuler();
   D.addRuler();
+  EXPECT_EQ(D.asEscapedMarkdown(), "foo");
   EXPECT_EQ(D.asMarkdown(), "foo");
   EXPECT_EQ(D.asPlainText(), "foo");
 
   // Multiple rulers between blocks
   D.addRuler();
   D.addParagraph().appendText("foo");
-  EXPECT_EQ(D.asMarkdown(), "foo  \n\n---\nfoo");
+  EXPECT_EQ(D.asEscapedMarkdown(), "foo\n\n---\nfoo");
+  EXPECT_EQ(D.asMarkdown(), "foo\n\n---\nfoo");
   EXPECT_EQ(D.asPlainText(), "foo\n\nfoo");
 }
 
@@ -272,7 +520,8 @@ TEST(Document, Append) {
   E.addRuler();
   E.addParagraph().appendText("bar");
   D.append(std::move(E));
-  EXPECT_EQ(D.asMarkdown(), "foo  \n\n---\nbar");
+  EXPECT_EQ(D.asEscapedMarkdown(), "foo\n\n---\nbar");
+  EXPECT_EQ(D.asMarkdown(), "foo\n\n---\nbar");
 }
 
 TEST(Document, Heading) {
@@ -280,8 +529,9 @@ TEST(Document, Heading) {
   D.addHeading(1).appendText("foo");
   D.addHeading(2).appendText("bar");
   D.addParagraph().appendText("baz");
-  EXPECT_EQ(D.asMarkdown(), "# foo  \n## bar  \nbaz");
-  EXPECT_EQ(D.asPlainText(), "foo\nbar\nbaz");
+  EXPECT_EQ(D.asEscapedMarkdown(), "# foo\n\n## bar\n\nbaz");
+  EXPECT_EQ(D.asMarkdown(), "# foo\n\n## bar\n\nbaz");
+  EXPECT_EQ(D.asPlainText(), "foo\n\nbar\n\nbaz");
 }
 
 TEST(CodeBlock, Render) {
@@ -299,6 +549,7 @@ foo
       R"pt(foo
   bar
   baz)pt";
+  EXPECT_EQ(D.asEscapedMarkdown(), ExpectedMarkdown);
   EXPECT_EQ(D.asMarkdown(), ExpectedMarkdown);
   EXPECT_EQ(D.asPlainText(), ExpectedPlainText);
   D.addCodeBlock("foo");
@@ -311,6 +562,7 @@ foo
 ```cpp
 foo
 ```)md";
+  EXPECT_EQ(D.asEscapedMarkdown(), ExpectedMarkdown);
   EXPECT_EQ(D.asMarkdown(), ExpectedMarkdown);
   ExpectedPlainText =
       R"pt(foo
@@ -325,18 +577,20 @@ TEST(BulletList, Render) {
   BulletList L;
   // Flat list
   L.addItem().addParagraph().appendText("foo");
+  EXPECT_EQ(L.asEscapedMarkdown(), "- foo");
   EXPECT_EQ(L.asMarkdown(), "- foo");
   EXPECT_EQ(L.asPlainText(), "- foo");
 
   L.addItem().addParagraph().appendText("bar");
   llvm::StringRef Expected = R"md(- foo
 - bar)md";
+  EXPECT_EQ(L.asEscapedMarkdown(), Expected);
   EXPECT_EQ(L.asMarkdown(), Expected);
   EXPECT_EQ(L.asPlainText(), Expected);
 
   // Nested list, with a single item.
   Document &D = L.addItem();
-  // First item with foo\nbaz
+  // First item with 2 paragraphs - foo\n\n  baz
   D.addParagraph().appendText("foo");
   D.addParagraph().appendText("baz");
 
@@ -352,18 +606,27 @@ TEST(BulletList, Render) {
   DeepDoc.addParagraph().appendText("baz");
   StringRef ExpectedMarkdown = R"md(- foo
 - bar
-- foo  
-  baz  
-  - foo  
-    - baz  
+- foo
+
+  baz
+
+  - foo
+
+    - baz
+
       baz)md";
+  EXPECT_EQ(L.asEscapedMarkdown(), ExpectedMarkdown);
   EXPECT_EQ(L.asMarkdown(), ExpectedMarkdown);
   StringRef ExpectedPlainText = R"pt(- foo
 - bar
 - foo
+
   baz
+
   - foo
+
     - baz
+
       baz)pt";
   EXPECT_EQ(L.asPlainText(), ExpectedPlainText);
 
@@ -371,21 +634,31 @@ TEST(BulletList, Render) {
   Inner.addParagraph().appendText("after");
   ExpectedMarkdown = R"md(- foo
 - bar
-- foo  
-  baz  
-  - foo  
-    - baz  
+- foo
+
+  baz
+
+  - foo
+
+    - baz
+
       baz
-    
+
     after)md";
+  EXPECT_EQ(L.asEscapedMarkdown(), ExpectedMarkdown);
   EXPECT_EQ(L.asMarkdown(), ExpectedMarkdown);
   ExpectedPlainText = R"pt(- foo
 - bar
 - foo
+
   baz
+
   - foo
+
     - baz
+
       baz
+
     after)pt";
   EXPECT_EQ(L.asPlainText(), ExpectedPlainText);
 }


        
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