More general term one could use is the "processing element".
For example if a cluster consists of
2 nodes with each having 1 single core CPU,
2 nodes with each having 1 dual core CPU,
2 nodes with each having 1 quad core CPU,
2 nodes with each having 2 dual core CPUs, and
2 nodes with each having 2 quad core CPUs.
Then we could better say that there are 38 "pocessing elements" in this
10-nodes cluster.
I find "processing element" pretentious. I'd say core, cpu or processor.
how many cores happen to share a socket is largely a packaging issue,
and one I'd address by discussing the app's memory size or BW needs,
not packaging...
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